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Animal Nutrition > Test 7 > Flashcards

Test 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes it extremely difficult to make accurate recommendations when feeding dogs?

A

Variations in size

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2
Q

When are cats strictly carnivores?

A

When in the wild

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3
Q

Which are more omnivorous, dogs or cats?

A

Dogs

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4
Q

When should clean water not be provided? (2)

A

Profuse vomiting is occurring

Waking up from general anesthesia

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5
Q

While eating, when may pets not drink as much water?

A

When consuming canned food

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6
Q

How much water does a resting dog or cat require?

A

1 milliliter of water per kcal of ME in the diet per day

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7
Q

How much of the water intake is voluntary?

A

2-3 times the amount of dry matter consumed

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8
Q

How much of the water requirements do dogs meet from drinking? Cats?

A

25%

10%

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9
Q

What can cause an increase in water requirements? (5)

A 
Exercise
Fever
Diarrhea
Increased salt intake
Diabetes
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10
Q

When will water intake reach 5 times the dry matter intake? (3)

A

Lactation
Hot weather
Severe excretion

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11
Q

What can cause a decrease in water intake?

A

Water being too hot or cold
Poor availability
Poor quality

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12
Q

What are the 2 major considerations when looking at protein?

A

Completeness

Biological value

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13
Q

What things have all the required amino acids? (4)

A

Milk
Meat
Eggs
Soybeans

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14
Q

What things do not have all the required amino acids? (3)

A

Gelatin
Flour
Wheat

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15
Q

What proteins have the highest biological value?

A

Animal proteins

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16
Q

In older pets, what can feeding excessive amounts of protein affect?

A

Kidneys

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17
Q

What happens when you heat protein?

A

I binds together causing it to be indigestible

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18
Q

How much protein is digestible in dry food? Soft-moist food? Canned meat diets?

A

80%
84%
90%

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19
Q

In 8 week old puppies, how much digestible protein do they need?

A

18%

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20
Q

In 16 week old puppies, how much digestible protein do they need?

A

17.2%

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21
Q

In 9 months to 15 months old puppies, how much digestible protein do they need?

A

16%

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22
Q

In growing kittens, how much digestible protein is needed?

A

35%

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23
Q

In adult cats, how much digestible protein is needed?

A

At least 20%

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24
Q

Why do cats have greater protein requirements?

A

Greater activity of amino acid catabolic enzymes in the liver

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25
Q

What are cats more sensitive to?

A

Arginine deficiency

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26
Q

Why do cats have a greater requirement for sulfur containing amino acids? (2)

A

Thick hair coat

Specific requirement for taurine

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27
Q

What can dogs synthesize taurine from?

A

Cystine and methionine

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28
Q

What does a deficiency of taurine in cats cause?

A

Visual impairment

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29
Q

What increase the need of taurine? Why?

A

High fiber diets

Bile loss

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30
Q

Where is taurine found?

A

Animal tissues

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31
Q

What is fat important for?

A

Palatability

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32
Q

What does fat supply?

A

Essential fatty acids (linoleic)

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33
Q

What additional fatty acid do cats require?

A

Arachidonic acid

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34
Q

What can dogs and cats synthesize linolenic acid from?

A

Linoleic acid

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35
Q

What are sources of fat? (7)

A 
Lard
Suet
Corn oil
Cottonseed oil
Olive oil
Soybean oil
Sunflower oil
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36
Q

What does excess fat cause?

A

Obesity and/or fatty stools

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37
Q

How much of dietary CHOs can dogs utilize? Cats?

A

65-70%

35-40%

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38
Q

What can high dietary raw starch cause? What else can cause this problem?

A

Diarrhea

Milk

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39
Q

Why do we incorporate CHOs?

A

Cheap

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40
Q

What does fiber absorb? Produce?

A

Water

More volume of stool than normal

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41
Q

What does fiber stimulate and maintain?

A

Intestinal action

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42
Q

How much fiber do most pet food have?

A

Between 1 and 8%

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43
Q

What may reducing diets contain more of?

A

Up to 32% fiber for the bulk

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44
Q

What are common sources of fiber? (7)

A 
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin
Cereal grain hulls
Bran
Beet pulp
String beans
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45
Q

What are the units when figuring caloric requirements?

A

kcal/d

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46
Q

What is the equation to figure caloric requirements for 5-65 pound dog?

A

BW[33-.25(BW)]

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47
Q

What is the equation to figure caloric requirements for more than 65 pound dog?

A

18(BW)

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48
Q

What needs to be figured for caloric requirements for a dog that is 1 year old?

A

10%

49
Q

What needs to be figured for caloric requirements for a dog that is 6 months old?

A

30%

50
Q

What needs to be figured for caloric requirements for a dog that is 3 months old?

A

60%

51
Q

What needs to be figured for caloric requirements for a dog that does moderate activity?

A

25%

52
Q

What needs to be figured for caloric requirements for a dog that is does heavy activity?

A

60%

53
Q

What needs to be figured for caloric requirements for a dog that has a fever?

A

7% per degree above normal (102ºF)

54
Q

What needs to be figured for caloric requirements for a dog from conception to parturition?

A

20%

55
Q

What needs to be figured for caloric requirements for a dog at parturition?

A

25%

56
Q

What needs to be figured for caloric requirements for a dog during the 2nd week of lactation?

A

50%

57
Q

What needs to be figured for caloric requirements for a dog during the 3rd week of lactation?

A

75%

58
Q

What needs to be figured for caloric requirements for a dog during the 4th week of lactation?

A

100%

59
Q

Look at page 167. Do the math.

A

Look at page 167. Do the math.

60
Q

Look at page 168. Do the math.

A

Look at page 168. Do the math.

61
Q

What is the proper ratio of calcium to phosphorus?

A

1.2:1

62
Q

What animals require more calcium and phosphorus?

A

Young and old dogs and cats

63
Q

What are sources of calcium? (3)

A

Bone meal
Skim milk
Alfalfa leaf meal

64
Q

What are sources of phosphorus? (2)

A

Bone meal

Meat scraps

65
Q

What are symptoms of a magnesium deficiency in dogs? (2)

A

Hyperirritability and convulsions

66
Q

What can an increase in magnesium in cats cause?

A

Feline urologic syndrome

67
Q

What is the magnesium salt called?

A

Struvite

68
Q

When struvite precipitates in urine, what forms?

A

Urinary calculi

69
Q

What type of urine do meat diets produce? Plant?

A

Acid urine

Alkaline urine

70
Q

What pH is struvite insoluble in?

A

6.6

71
Q

What predisposes cats to FUS?

A

Diets with minimal meat and added grain

72
Q

When does iron not need to be supplemented?

A

When meat is in the diet

73
Q

What can increased stress and exercise increase the need of?

A

Water soluble vitamins

74
Q

Which animal requires more B vitamins, dogs or cats? How much more?

A

Cats

5 times

75
Q

What can a deficiency of Vit. A cause in dogs?

A

Deafness

76
Q

Can cats synthesize Vit. A from β-carotene?

A

No

77
Q

Where do cats get Vit. A from?

A

Need it preformed from animal sources

78
Q

Which is more effective, ergosterol or calciferol?

A

Calciferol

79
Q

What are large dogs more predisposed to? (3)

A

Rickets
Osteomalacia
Irregular development of teeth

80
Q

What can a deficiency of Vit. E cause in cats?

A

Steatites (yellow fat disease)

81
Q

Can dogs synthesize niacin? Cats?

A

Yes

No

82
Q

What can niacin be synthesized from?

A

Tryptophan

83
Q

What is cyanocobalamin needed for?

A

Red blood cell formation

84
Q

What animals may need additional cobalamine?

A

Dogs undergoing training

85
Q

What are sources of cobalamine?

A 
Liver
Milk
Cheese
Eggs
Lean meat
86
Q

What are the 3 methods of feeding?

A

Free choice
Restricted by time
Restricted by amount

87
Q

When being fed free choice, how many meals are given?

A

10-13 meals per day

88
Q

How many times a day should orphans be fed?

A

3-4

89
Q

What should the abdomen be like in orphans?

A

Slightly enlarged, but not over distended

90
Q

How much feed should be mixed up for orphans?

A

Enough for 48 hours at a time

91
Q

How warm should feed be before feeding an orphan?

A

100ºF

92
Q

Is feeding with a bottle or stomach tube preferred?

A

Tube

93
Q

How long should a stomach tube be?

A

From tip of nose to last rib

94
Q

What is the advantage to a stomach tube?

A

You know how much is being given

95
Q

What is the most common nutritional problem?

A

Obesity

96
Q

What is consider obese?

A

10 to 15% above normal weight

97
Q

Which gender is obesity more common in?

A

Females

98
Q

What type of cat is generally more obese?

A

Domestic shorthair cats

99
Q

Why are we concerned about when general health and longevity is impaired? Only pick a few, there are 13 options

A 
Locomotion problems
Respiratory difficulty
Cardiovascular disease
Hypertension
Reduced hepatic function
Reduced heat tolerance
Increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial disease
Irritability
Dystocia
Dermatoses
Constipation and flatulence
Bone and joint problems
Diabetes mellitus
100
Q

What are causes of obesity? (5)

A 
Over-feeding
Access to very palatable and high energy diets
Inactivity
Animals fed together
Rewarding pets often
101
Q

What are some methods to manage obesity? (5)

A 
Surgery (no value)
Pharmacological (no value)
Psychological
Exercise
Diet
102
Q

What can you do to the diet of obese animals? (3)

A

Decrease commercial diet to 50% of maintenance of obese weight
Feed 60% for dogs and 66% for cats of the recommended amount for the optimum weight
Feed a high fiber, low calorie diet

103
Q

When optimum weight is achieved, what should be done? (3)

A

Continue on reducing diet or place on maintenance diet
Monitor weight monthly
Reduce amount of diet fed in 10% increments if weight gain is detected

104
Q

What requirements do cats have? (6)

A 
Higher protein requirement
Need arginine
Need taurine
Need performed Vit. A
Need niacin
Need arachidonic acid
105
Q

What is acute gastric dilatation?

A

Stomach enlargement

106
Q

What is volvulus?

A

Twisting of intestinal tract

107
Q

What is the etiology for acute gastric dilatation?

A

Gastric dilation cause by swallowed air or fermentation

108
Q

What can acute gastric dilation lead to?

A

Volvulus causing obstruction

109
Q

What are some factors that cause acute gastric dilatation? (6)

A 
Dry, cereal based dog food
Stress
Over eating and/or drinking
Intragastric fermentation
Previous gastric trauma
Postprandial exercise and excitement
110
Q

What does a distended stomach block?

A

Venous return from the rear of animals

111
Q

What results from a distended stomach?

A

Hypovolemic and cardiogenic shock, which causes death

112
Q

How can you treat acute gastric dilatation? (4)

A

Gastric intubation
Vigorous fluid therapy
IV cimetidine and lidocaine
Gastrostomy

113
Q

What are the symptoms of feline urologic syndrome? (3)

A

Urolithiasis (calculi in urinary tract)
Frequent urination
Urogenital pain

114
Q

What is the etiology of FUS?

A

Increase urinary pH which causes struvite to precipitate out of solution

115
Q

What is struvite?

A

Major mineral component in most calculi found in FUS

116
Q

How long does calculi formation continue?

A

Until excessive crystals form that partially or totally block the urogenital tract

117
Q

What is the treatment for FUS in obstructed cases? (4)

A

Relieve the obstruction under anesthesia
Flushing the urethra with catheter and syringe
Ultrasonography
Cauterization of urethra

118
Q

What is the treatment for FUS in mild cases? (2)

A

Fluids to flush calculi

Acidifiers to redice urine pH with ammonia chloride or methionine

119
Q

What is the prevention for FUS? (3)

A

Feed low ash diets
Feed low Mg diets
Feed urine acidifiers or diets containing acidifiers

Animal Nutrition (9 decks)

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