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Opthomology > The basics of a medical eye exam > Flashcards

The basics of a medical eye exam Flashcards

1
Q

The first step of every patient experience?

A

OBSERVE AND LISTEN

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2
Q

Steps in a comprehensive eye and vision exam?

What questions do we ask ourselves on observation and inspection? 4

What do we externally examine? (what structures?) 4

A
  1. History
  2. Good equipment
  3. Observation/Inspection
    - -are they wearing glasses or contacts?
    - -How do they move?
    - -Head Turn? Tilt?
    - -Mood? Anxiety?
  4. External examination of cornea, conjunctiva, eyebrows and surrounding eye tissue
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3
Q

Steps in the Medical Eye Exam?
(different from comprehensive one)

9

A
  1. History
  2. Visual Acuity
  3. Pupillary examination
  4. Visual fields by confrontation
  5. Extraocular movements
  6. External inspection (adnexia):
    –lid and surrounding tissue
    –conjunctiva and sclera
  7. Anterior Stuctures
    –Cornea, pupil and iris
    –Anterior chamber depth
    –Lens clarity
  8. Tonometry (pressure check not a glaucoma check)
  9. Fundus examination
    View - Disc - Macula - Vessels
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4
Q

In the external inspection what do we look at?

A

lid and surrounding tissue

conjunctiva and sclera

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5
Q

What anterior strcuture of the eye do we examine?

5

A 
Cornea, 
pupil
iris
Anterior chamber depth
Lens clarity
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6
Q

For the fundus examination what do we look at?

3

A

disc
macula
vessels

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7
Q

What is the first part of a visual acuity measurement refering to?

A

how far the patient is away from the eye chart

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8
Q

What does the second part of the visual acuity measurement refering to?

A

Distance at which the letter can be read by a person with 20/20 acuity

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9
Q

What eye do we do first for a visual acuity test, the bad eye or the good eye?

A

get the bad eye first then the good eye

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10
Q

Is it ok to wear glasses on a visual acuity test?

Should we check eyes separately or together?

How many letters should they get right to pass the line?

A

yes. do one with and without the glasses

check them separetely first then together

ID half of the letter on that line

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11
Q

If you have a +4 lens what kind of impairment do you have and what will you get when you age?

A

you are farsighted and you will get more farsighted as you age probably

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12
Q

If you are in the zero range for sight how will your vision change as you get older?

A

you will get more nearsighted

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13
Q

When is near visual acuity indicated?

2

A
  1. patient complains about near vision

2. headaches

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14
Q

At what distance so would you do a near vision acuity test?

A

16 inches

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15
Q

What can amblyopia be caused by?

3

A

refractive amblyopia
strabismic amblyopia
depravation

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16
Q

What is the treatment for amblyopia?

3

A

lenses
training
patching

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17
Q

If there is a hole in the eye where will the pupil point?

A

towards the hole

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18
Q

If a patient has a pupillary dysfunciton and a cough what is something we should consider highly in our diff?

A

lung carcinoma

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19
Q

What can synchia cause?

2

A

secondary glaucoma and crearte an irregular pupil

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20
Q

How do we treat synchia?

A

steriod to reduce inflammation

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21
Q

What does a white relfex in the red reflex mean?

2

A

retinoblastoma or catatract

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22
Q

What is the difference b/w horner’s syndrom and argyll-robertson pupil?

A

horner- pupil abnormalities

argyll-robertson- pupil abnormalities to accomodation only and not light

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23
Q

Primary cause for ptosis?

A

trauma

age

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24
Q

Secondary cause for ptosis?

A

nerve damage

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25
Q

What should we look for on the eyelids?

4

A

Edema
Color (redness)
Lesions
Condition and direction

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26
Q

What is the 1st line of defense against infection in the eye?

A

tear film

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27
Q

If we have too much tear film what is the condition called?

A

epiphora

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28
Q

If we have too little in the tear film what is it called?

A

dry eye

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29
Q

How do we treat dry eye?

3

A

The eye will be watery because the lacriminal gland will be producing crying tears to compensate. We treat with

  1. artificial tears
  2. plugs
  3. nutracuticals
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30
Q

What are the secondary causes of dry eye?

3

A

age
medication (OTC allergy)
systemic disease

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31
Q

What is epiphora caused by?

A

insufficient drainage

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32
Q

What would cause CNIII palsy?

5

A 
Aneurysm
brain tumor
trauma
HTN
Diabetes
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33
Q

What would cause CN VI palsy?

3

A

trauma
elevated ICP
Viral infections

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34
Q

What tests do we use to clinically diagnose strabismus?

2

A
  1. corneal light reflex

2. cover test

35
Q

The light reflex for an exotropic eye is where?

A

nasal to pupillary center

36
Q

The light reflex for an esotropic eye is where?

A

temporal to pupillary center

37
Q

What will happen if someone has an abnormal cover test?

A

no movement should be detected from the eye that is uncovered. (has a resting and alert position, if they eye stays in resting position when uncovered there is a problem)

38
Q

By what age is it best to correct strabismus before?

At what age is there nothing we can do about it?

A

7

13

39
Q

What are we testing when we look at oculary motility?

3

A
  1. Normal conjugate, or parallel movements of eyes (deviation)
  2. Abnormal movement (nystagmus…rhythmic fine ascillation)
  3. Lid lag
40
Q

Why do we not tell them to turn their head at first when we are testing ocular motility?

A

If an adult is a head turner then their is probably an issue with their visual field

41
Q

HOw long do we patch for to treat amblyopia?

A

2hr to 6hr

42
Q

What kind of supression interrupts the normal development of vision in the amblyopia?

A

corticol suppresion of sensory input

43
Q

What could amblyopia be caused by?

4

A

strabismus,
refractive error,
ocular disease, or maybe idiopathic

44
Q

When would we do a confrontation visual field test?

A

neurological problem suspected

45
Q

What is the only thing that will give you bitemporal vision loss?

A

pituitary gland tumor/adenoma

46
Q

What parts of the eye does a slit lamp examine?

A

anterior and posterior segments of the eye

47
Q

Why do we use a slit lamp?

5

A
  1. look at structures in the back of the eye like optic nerve/retina
  2. front of eye injuries like on the cornea or cataracts, conjunctivitis, iritis
  3. detect and monitor glaucoma or macular degeneration
  4. check for foreign body
  5. detect eye problems with diabetes and RA.
48
Q

What should we never ever prescribe with herpes simplex?

A

steriods

49
Q

What is worse, scleritis or episcleritis?

A

scleritis we treat with oral steriods because there is also other systemic issues if this is going on. It will hurt

Episcleritis wont hurt

50
Q

What is often the diagnosis for ciliary flush?

A

Iritis
Its like spraining your ankle and you keep moving the muslces so the inflammation gets worse. Just the same for the constrictor muscles in the iris. Keep constricting them and they get more sore/red.

51
Q

What are things that could cause subconjunctival hemorrhage?

4

A

aspirin
blood pressure meds
blood thinners
exertions

52
Q

Whats arcus?

At what age do we consider this normal?

A

normal white ring in the iris
40-45
if younger they probably have high blood pressure

53
Q

A yellow lens indicates what?

A

cataract

54
Q

What are our two pupil dilaiton meds?

A
  1. Cholinergic-blocking ( parasympatholytic)

2. Adrenergic-stimulating (sympathomimetic)

55
Q

Action of cholinergic blocking drugs?

2

A

Dilate by paralyzing iris sphincter muscle

Cycloplegia by paralyzing ciliary body muscles

56
Q

When is the max pupil dilation for tropicamide?

When does the effect diminish?

A

30 min

4-5 hrs

57
Q

What are the side effects of tropicamide?

3

A

Nausea / vomiting
Pallor
Vasomotor collapse (fainting)

58
Q

How should we use adrenergic stimulating drugs, like phenylephrine, for best results?

A

combone with tropicamide fo4r maximal dilaiton

59
Q

Side effects if adrenergic stimulating drugs/phenylephrine?

A

acute hypertension or MI with the 10% solution

60
Q

What are we examining when we are doing direct ophthalmoscopy?
5

A
  1. Red reflex
  2. Clarity of the disc outline
  3. Color of disc
  4. Presence of normal white or pigmented rings, crescents around discs
  5. Size and color of the cup
61
Q

Characteristics of optic neuritis?

A
  1. associated with MS or its idiopathic
  2. decreased visual acuity and color vision
  3. pain with ocular movement
  4. bulbar (disc swelling)
  5. retro bulbar (no signs because the swelling is behind the eyeball)
62
Q

What could be a retinal problem associated with young, overweight, fertile females?

A

opitc atrophy and papilledema due to malignant hypertension

pseudotumor

63
Q

Ratio of arteries and veins in retina?

A

4/5

arteries = 4, veins = 5

64
Q

When are railroad crossings seen the most and what is happening when you see it?

A

see them mostly in people with uncontrolled hypertension

-artery causing the vein to twist

65
Q

After 10 yrs with diabetes what percent will have some background retinopathy?
What about after 12?

A

50%

90%

66
Q

Characteristics of diabetic retinopathy?

3

A
  1. neovascularization
  2. hard exudates
  3. flame shaped and dot and blot hemorrhages
67
Q

What cells are permanently damages in CRAO?

What is often a present characteristic of CRAO?

A

ganglion cells

cherry red spot

68
Q

How much time do we have to correct CRAO before permanent vision loss?

A

90 m in

69
Q

What is CRAO a warning for?

A

carotid plague or embolis from the heart

temporal arteritis

70
Q

Whats a Hollenhorst plaque?

A

retinal emboli

71
Q

Chacracteristics of CRVO?

4

A

Disc swelling,
venous engorgement,
cotton-wool spots and
diffuse retinal hemorrhage.

72
Q

Risk factors for CRVO?

3

A

age,
HTN,
arteriosclerotic vascular disease, conditions that increase blood viscosity (polycythemia vera, sickle cell disease, lymphoma , leukemia)

73
Q

What does CRVO make us more at risk for?

A

long term risk fro neovascular glaucoma

74
Q

Urgent situations that we need to refer immediately!!!!

9

A
  1. Penetrating injuries of the globe (high speed- worried about it.
  2. Conjunctival or corneal foreign bodies
  3. Hyphema (blood in front of eye) REFER
  4. Lid laceration (suture if not deep and neither the lid margin nor the canaliculi are involved)
  5. Traumatic optic neuropathy
  6. Radiant energy burns (snow blindness or welder’s burn) UV burn on the front of the eye(use a narcotic and knock that patient out but it will be fine after 48 hours)
  7. Corneal abrasion
  8. Sudden loss of vison
  9. “Curtains” blocking all or some of Vision- retinal detachment flashes of light/floaters (REFER IMMEDIATLRY)
75
Q

High speed, hot foreign bodies in eye how do we treat?

A

take it out and just put in office antibiotics in. probably already sterile

76
Q

How do we treat slow speed dirty gunky stuff?

A

take out but treat with at least 5 days of antibiotics

77
Q

If a patient can look side to side but not up what is injured?

A

inferior rectus muscle

78
Q

Semi urgent situations?

2

A 
orbital fracture (unless the muscle is trapped then its urgent)
Subconjunctival hemorrhage in blunt trauma
79
Q

In what situations would we make sure a patient is refered and sees a ophthomologist in 1-2 days?
5

A
  1. New and / or Repetitive flashes / floaters
  2. Eye Pain from unknown cause
  3. Staining of the cornea with no history of trauma or CL over wear
  4. Zoster around eye (especially if tip of nose involved)
  5. Double vision
80
Q

A teardrop shaped pupil and flat anterior chamber in trauma are associated with what?

A

perforating injury

81
Q

In a perforating injury what should we avoid doing?

A

avoid digital palpation of the globe

82
Q

In a chemical burn patient what is the first thing we do immediately?

A

immediate irrigation

83
Q

What burns are worse alkaline or acid?

A

alkaline

Opthomology (14 decks)

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