The Brain

Question 1

What is brain composed of and what do they do?

Answer 1

The brain is composed of over 100 billion neurons, each receiving messages simultaneously from thousands of other neurons.

Question 2

What is the brain protected by?

Answer 2

The brain is protected by the skull bones, meninges (three membranes) and cerebrospinal fluid

Question 3

Draw a diagram of the brain

Answer 3

i think

Question 4

What is the cerebrum?

Answer 4

Our conscious brain, with different parts having different jobs to do.

Question 5

What is the hypothalmus?

Answer 5

the centre for the regulation of the internal organs

Question 6

What is the pituitary gland?

Answer 6

the pituitary ‘[master]’ gland secretes hormones that stimulate other glands to release their hormones.

Question 7

What does the cerebellum do?

Answer 7

The cerebellum co-ordinates processes that we have learned to do automatically, such as speaking.

Question 8

What does the medulla oblongata do ?

Answer 8

The medulla oblongata co-ordinates involuntary, automatic processes - such as breathing, heartbeat.

Question 9

What are the parts of the brain?

Answer 9

skull, fluid, meninges, cerebrum, cerebellum, vertebra, spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pituitary, hypothalamus.

Question 10

Draw the spinal chord

Answer 10

.

Question 11

What is the spinal cord protected by?

Answer 11

The spinal cord is well protected by the vertibrae, meninges (three membranes) and cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 12

What does the spinal cord do?

Answer 12

It transmits impulses to and from the brain and controls many reflex actions

Question 13

What does a cross-section through the spinal cord show and what is it composed of?

Answer 13

A cross-section through the spinal cord shows a small central canal, filled with cerebrospinal fluid, surrounded by an area of grey matter, shaped somewhat like the letter H.

Question 14

What are the parts of the spinal cord?

Answer 14

Spinal cord, white matter, grey matter, dorsal root, ventral root, synapse, sensory neuron, motor neuron.

Question 15

What are the two directions along the spinal cord?

Answer 15

To brain and from brain

Question 16

Grey matter

Answer 16

Grey matter contains cell bodies and dendrites (regions of a neuron that have no white myelin covering)

Question 17

White matter

Answer 17

Outside the grey matter, the spinal cord consists of white matter (containing axons only).

Question 18

Dendrites

Answer 18

Regions of a neuron that have no white myelin covering

Question 19

What does white matter contain?

Answer 19

axons only

Question 20

How many spinal nerves branch off from the spinal cord in humans?

Answer 20

31 pairs

Question 21

What does each spinal nerve have?

Answer 21

a dorsal root and a ventral root

Question 22

What does the dorsal root consist of?

Answer 22

The dorsal root consists of nerve fibres carrying information into the spinal cord from the senses.

Question 23

What is the dorsal root ganglion?

Answer 23

A swelling that consists of the cell bodies of the sensory neurons.

Question 24

Draw the side view of a spinal cord

Answer 24

.

Question 25

Where do nerve fibres in the in the dorsal root carry information to and from?

Answer 25

Into the spinal cord from the senses

Question 26

What does the dorsal root ganglion consist of?

Answer 26

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons

Question 27

What does the ventral root consist of?

Answer 27

nerve fibres carrying information out from the spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

Question 28

Where are the cell bodies of the motor neurons positioned?

Answer 28

Within the grey matter of the cord.

Question 29

What does the spinal cord do?

Answer 29

Transmits impulses to and from the brain and controls many reflex actions.

Question 30

Where do nerve fibres in the in the ventral root carry information to and from?

Answer 30

from the spinal cord to the muscles and glands

Question 31

What is a reflex action?

Answer 31

A reflex action is a quick, automatic response to a particular stimulus.

Question 32

Draw a diagram of the reflex arc

Answer 32

.

Question 33

Name a nervous system disorder

Answer 33

Parkinson’s disease

Question 34

What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 34

Muscles become rigid and movement is slow and difficult, with persistent tremors [shaking]

Question 35

What are the causes of Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 35

It is caused by the brain reducing the normal amount of dopamine that it makes.

Question 36

What are the treatments/preventions of Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 36

There is at present no means of preventing it, but giving L-dopa (which the body changes into dopamine) can relieve the symptoms in many patients. No treatment.

Question 37

What is Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 37

A nervous system disorder, normally seen in older people, in which muscles become rigid and movement is slow and difficult, with persistent tremors [shaking].

Question 38

Who does Parkinson’s usually affect?

Answer 38

It is normally seen in older people

Question 39

How may senses do we have?

Answer 39

5

Question 40

What are the 5 sense organs?

Answer 40

eye, ear, skin, tongue, nose

Question 41

What is the organ and stimulus detected in sight?

Answer 41

Eye - light [by rods and cones in the retina]

Question 42

What is the organ and stimulus detected in hearing?

Answer 42

Ear - sound [receptors in cochlea]

Question 43

What is the organ and stimulus detected in touch?

Answer 43

skin - touch, pressure, temperature and pain [receptors spread throughout body]

Question 44

What is the organ and stimulus detected in taste?

Answer 44

tongue - chemicals [taste buds detect sweet, sour, salt and bitter]

Question 45

What is the organ and stimulus detected in smell?

Answer 45

nose - chemicals [receptors in the nasal cavity detect vapours]