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[MT] Lesson 5: The Digestive System, Mental Health, & The Urinary System > The Digestive System Pathology > Flashcards

The Digestive System Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Dentistry

A

Branch of healthcare involved with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions involving the teeth, jaw, and mouth. Practitioner is a ‘dentist.’

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2
Q

Gastroenterology

A

Branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the digestive system. Physician is a ‘gastroenterologist.’

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3
Q

Oral Surgery

A

Branch of dentistry that uses surgical means to treat dental conditions. Specialist is an ‘oral surgeon.’

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4
Q

Orthodontics

A

Branch of dentistry concerned with correction of problems with tooth alignment. Specialist is an ‘orthodontist.’

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5
Q

Periodontics

A

Branch of dentistry concerned with treating conditions involving the gums and tissues surrounding the teeth. Specialist is a ‘periodontist.’

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6
Q

Proctology

A

Branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the anus and rectum. Physician is a ‘proctologist.’

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7
Q

Anorexia

A

General term meaning loss of appetite that may accompany other conditions. Also used to refer to ‘anorexia nervosa,’ which is an eating disorder involving the refusal to eat

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8
Q

Aphagia

A

Being unable to swallow or eat

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9
Q

Ascites

A

Collection or accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

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10
Q

Bradypepsia

A

Having a slow digestive system

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11
Q

Cachexia

A

Loss of weight and generalized wasting that occurs during a chronic disease

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12
Q

Cholecystalgia

A

Having gallbladder pain

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13
Q

Constipation

A

Experiencing difficulty in defecation or infrequent defecation

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14
Q

Dentalgia

A

Tooth pain

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15
Q

Diarrhea

A

Passing of frequent, watery, or bloody bowel movements. Usually accompanies gastrointestinal (GI) disorders

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16
Q

Dysorexia

A

Abnormal appetite; usually a diminished appetite

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17
Q

Dyspepsia

A

‘Upset stomach’; indigestion

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18
Q

Emesis

A

Vomiting

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19
Q

Gastralgia

A

Stomach pain

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20
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting blood

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21
Q

Hematochezia

A

Passing bright red blood in the stools

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22
Q

Hyperemesis

A

Excessive vomiting

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23
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellow cast to the skin, mucous membranes, and the whites of the eyes caused by the deposit of bile pigment from too much bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a waste product produced when worn-out red blood cells are broken down. May be a symptom of a disorder such as gallstones blocking the common bile duct or carcinoma of the liver. Also called ‘icterus.’

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24
Q

Melena

A

Passage of dark tarry stools. Color is the result of digestive enzymes working on blood in the gastrointestinal tract

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25
Q

Nausea

A

Urge to vomit

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26
Q

Obesity

A

Body weight that is above a healthy level. A person whose weight interferes with normal activity and body function has ‘morbid obesity.’

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27
Q

Polyphagia

A

Excessive eating; eating too much

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28
Q

Postprandial

A

After a meal

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29
Q

Pyrosis

A

Pain and burning sensation usually caused by stomach acid splashing up into the esophagus, Commonly called ‘heartburn.’

30
Q

Regurgitation

A

Return of fluids and solids from the stomach into the mouth

31
Q

Aphthous Ulcers

A

Painful ulcers in the mouth of unknown cause. Commonly called ‘canker sores.’

32
Q

Cleft Lip (CLEFT)

A

Congenital anomaly in which the upper lip and jaw bone fail to fuse in the midline, leaving an open gap. Often seen along with a cleft palate. Corrected with surgery

33
Q

Cleft Palate

A

Congenital anomaly in which the roof of the mouth has a split or fissure. Corrected with surgery

34
Q

Dental Caries

A

Gradual decay and disintegration of teeth caused by bacteria; may lead to abscessed teeth. Commonly called a ‘tooth cavity.’

35
Q

Gingivitis

A

Inflammation of the gums

36
Q

Herpes Labialis

A

Infection of the lip by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Also called ‘fever blisters’ or ‘cold sores.’

37
Q

Periodontal Disease

A

Disease of the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums and bones; the most common cause of tooth loss

38
Q

Sialadenitis

A

Inflammation of a salivary gland

39
Q

Esophageal Varices

A

Enlarged and swollen varicose veins in the lower end of the esophagus. If these rupture, serious hemorrhage results; often related to liver disease

40
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A

Acid from the stomach flows backward up into the esophagus causing inflammation and pain

41
Q

Pharyngoplegia

A

Paralysis of the throat muscles

42
Q

Gastric Carcinoma

A

Cancerous tumor in the stomach

43
Q

Gastritis

A

Stomach inflammation

44
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

Inflammation of stomach and small intestine

45
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A

Protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm (also called a ‘diaphragmatocele’) and extending into the thoracic cavity; gastroesophageal reflux disease is a common symptom

46
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

A

Ulcer occurring in the lower portion of the esophagus, stomach, and/or duodenum; thought to be caused by the acid of gastric juices. Initial damage to the protective lining of the stomach may be caused by a Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacterial infection. If the ulcer extends all the way through the wall of the stomach, it is called a ‘perforated ulcer,’ which requires immediate surgery to repair

47
Q

Anal Fistula

A

Abnormal tube-like passage from the surface around the anal opening directly into the rectum

48
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix; may require an ‘appendectomy.’

49
Q

Bowel Incontinence

A

Inability to control defecation

50
Q

Colorectal Carcinoma

A

Cancerous tumor originating in the colon or rectum

51
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

Form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting primarily the ileum and/or colon. Also called ‘regional ileitis.’ This autoimmune condition affects all the layers of the bowel wall and results in scarring and thickening of the gut wall

52
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation of a diverticulum (an out-pouching off the gut), especially in the colon. Inflammation often results when food becomes within the pouch

53
Q

Diverticulosis

A

Condition of having diverticula (outpouches off the gut). May lead to diverticulitis if one becomes inflamed

54
Q

Dysentery

A

Disease characterized by diarrhea, often with mucus and blood, sever abdominal pain, fever, and dehydration. Caused by ingesting food or water contaminated by chemicals, bacteria, protozoans, or parasites

55
Q

Enteritis

A

Inflammation of the small intestines

56
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Varicose veins in the rectum and anus

57
Q

Ileus

A

Severe abdominal pain, inability to pass stools, vomiting, and abdominal distension as a result of an intestinal blockage. The blockage can be a physical block such as a tumor or the failure of bowel contents to move forward due to loss of peristalsis (a nonmechanical blockage). May require surgery to reverse the blockage

58
Q

Inguinal Hernia

A

Hernia or protrusion of a loop of small intestines into the inguinal (groin) region through a weak spot in the abdominal muscle wall that develops into a hole. May become incarcerated or strangulated if the muscle tightens down around the loop of intestines and cuts off its blood flow

59
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

A

Disturbance in the functions of the intestine from unknown causes. Symptoms generally include abdominal discomfort and an alteration in bowel activity. Also called ‘spastic colon’ or ‘functional bowel syndrome.’

60
Q

Polyp

A

Small tumor with pedicle or stem attachment; commonly found in vascular organs such as nose, uterus, and rectum

61
Q

Polyposis

A

Presence of small tumors, called “polyps,” containing a pedicle or stemlike attachment in the mucous membranes of the large intestine (colon); may be precancerous

62
Q

Proctoptosis

A

Prolapsed or drooping rectum

63
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

Chronic inflammatory condition resulting in numerous ulcers formed on the mucous membrane lining of the colon; the cause is unknown. Also known as ‘inflammatory bowel disease’ (IBD)

64
Q

Volvulus

A

Condition in which the bowel twists upon itself causing an obstruction; painful and requires immediate surgery

65
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder; most commonly caused by gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct that block the flow of bile

66
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Presence of gallstones; may or may not cause symptoms such as ‘cholecystalgia.’

67
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Chronic disease of the liver associated with failure of the liver to function properly

68
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver, usually due to a viral infection. Different viruses are transmitted by different routes, such as sexual contact or from exposure to blood or fecally contaminated water or food

69
Q

Hepatoma

A

Liver tumor

70
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas

[MT] Lesson 5: The Digestive System, Mental Health, & The Urinary System (26 decks)

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