The Eighteenth to Twentieth Centuries

Question 1

Three schools of thought intermingled to motivate landscape design during the 18th century

Answer 1

Western classicism
(Baroque Italy or Grand Monarchy France)
China
(principles of irregularity and symbolism)
England
(against classicism - new and liberal age intermingling with chinoiserie)

Question 2

New capital of Russia founded by Peter the Great in 1703; considered as a strategic ‘window on to Europe’

Answer 2

St. Petersburg (Leningrand)

Question 3

The palace of Peter the Great outside St. Petersburg, designed by Le Blond in 1717

Answer 3

Peterhof (Petrodvorets)

Question 4

Erected between 1732 and 1762; supreme work of classical landscape art wherein the designers have created order and harmony out of the apparent chaos of natural rock form, by pure abstract design

Answer 4

Trevi Fountain

Question 5

Capital of the world’s first truly liberal society

Answer 5

Washington

Question 6

Given the responsibility for the new design of Washington by President George Washington

Answer 6

Thomas Jefferson

Question 7

A Frenchman ahosen as the professional town planner for Washington at Potomac (1791), however, his plans was unrealized as contemporary city and intractable to change and growth, thus, the idea collapsed

Answer 7

Pierre Charles L’Enfant

Question 8

The place where Chinese landscape design reached a climax, at the same time as Versailles, and with a very similar objective - a continuity of history

Answer 8

Summer Palaces of Peking (Beijing)

Question 9

Wrote the Gardens of Epicurus (1687) wherein he praised the Chinese gardens, which he had visited, for their intricate irregularity

Answer 9

Sir William Temple

Question 10

Term made by Sir Temple to those parts ‘where the beauty shall be great, but without any order…that shall be easily observed’

Answer 10

Sharawadgi

Question 11

French term referring ti anything made by, or imitated from, the Chinese; popular motif for landscape and architectural furnishings during the 18th century in Europe and England

Answer 11

Chinoiserie

Question 12

From a French word that means “rock work”; a term applied to a type of Renaissance ornament in which rocklike forms, scrolls, and shells are used together in a confusion of detail often without organic coherence but presenting a lavish display of decoration; especially popular in France, Germany, and Switzerland during the late 18th century

Answer 12

Rococo (Rocaille)

Question 13

French expression for “object of art”; a small object of artistic value

Answer 13

Objet d’art

Question 14

A very small village; a small cluster of houses in the country; in Britain, a village without a church of its own but belong to the parish of another town

Answer 14

Hamlet

Question 15

The School springing from a relation to nature that had always been latent but now emerged from beneath the fashionable Italian and French classical overlays

Answer 15

The English School

Question 16

The term to describe one of the attitudes of taste toward architecture and landscape gardening between 1785 and 1835; buildings and landscapes were to have the compositional qualities and informality of a painted picture

Answer 16

Picturesque

Question 17

A French expression for “ornamental farm”; a type of picturesque, romantic rural landscape garden popular during the 18th century in England and on the continuent

Answer 17

Ferme ornee

Question 18

(1685-1748) Described as ‘the father of modern gardening’ by Horace Walpole; Chiswick House, Middles as his first commission for his patron, the Earl of Burlington, in collaboration with Charles Bridgeman

Answer 18

William Kent

Question 19

The garden designed by the banker, Henry Hoare, for himself; similar to Claude Lorraine’s panting of the coast view of Delos with Aeneas

Answer 19

Gardens at Stourhead

Question 20

A sunken fence or ditch

Answer 20

Ha-ha

Question 21

To improve the agriculture economy in England, put vast tracts of once commonly held land into private hands, increasing the economic and political power of the landed gentry

Answer 21

Enclosure Acts of the Parliament

Question 22

Chinese-themed textile, ceramics, wallpaper, and furniture

Answer 22

Chinoiserie

Question 23

In landscape architecture, the manner of, or having the quality of, nature but contrived; consciously composed by human beings to look like a natural setting; popularized in the 16th-century England

Answer 23

Naturalesque

Question 24

The quality of being like nature and not of human-made appearance; a carefully organized planting of indigenous plant materials

Answer 24

Naturalistic

Question 25

Sham ruins, an architectural feature that were incorporated by William Kent in his landscapes; similar to elements seen in the paintings of Lourain and Poussin

Answer 25

Frabriques

Question 26

The designers who designed the Stowe, responsible for the successive site plans with a record of changing garden design styles in the 18th century

Answer 26

Bridgeman and Wise
Kent
Brown

Question 27

A hybrid style that became popular in France and Germany, when the French saw a connection between the Chinese garden and the English garden

Answer 27

Anglo-chinois

Question 28

Estate grounds of George Washington; his foremost priority in laying out its grounds of his estate was the improvement of the farm lands; its modest, coherent plan reflects the values of a gentleman farmer

Answer 28

Mount Vernon, Virginia

Question 29

Built around 1771 by Jefferson, as his private retreat, where he could pursue his studies of natural history and architecture; introduced a degree of the picturesque to 18th-century American gardens

Answer 29

Monticello, Virginia

Question 30

Jefferson;s farm-estate which represented the artful science of Enlightenment; a 62-acre property reffed to as his “curtilage” or private sanctuary; a perfect marriage of architecture and landscape

Answer 30

Poplar Forest, Virginia

Question 31

An English society in the 19th century, dominated by the middle class, who built smaller “suburban villas” around industrial centers, contrasted to Georgian society dominated by the upper class and their landscape gardens

Answer 31

Victorian society

Question 32

A glass case that protected plants, displayed in the home from the poisonous fumes of gaslight; invented in the 19th century, as the Victorians were enthralled by the plethora of exotic plants being introduced to England; essentially miniature greenhouse

Answer 32

Wardian case

Question 33

A naturalist, fern enthusiast, and medical doctor; developed a glass case for plant by accident

Answer 33

Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward

Question 34

Published by Loudon from 1826 to 1843; a popular source of garden information for the middle-class, who sought advice from periodical rather than landscape designers

Answer 34

Gardener’s Magazine

Question 35

(1822) A compendium of historical styles and practices, collected from Loudon’s travels abroad

Answer 35

Encyclopedia of Gardening

Question 36

A style developed Loudon as a way for small property owners to enjoy the landscape; with four rates determined by Loudon based on acres

Answer 36

Gardenesque

Question 37

An arboretum designed by Loudon, which opened to the public in 1840, as an educational and recreational garden; an 11-acre site designed with gardenesque principles

Answer 37

Derby Arboretum

Question 38

A conservatory built by Paxton at Chatsworth in 1836,” the largest glasshouse ever constructed at the time; with improved system by using cast iron and wood

Answer 38

“Great Sove” or Great Conservatory

Question 39

A centerpiece of the London World’s Fair of 1851 (Great Exhibition in Hyde Park), built by Paxton

Answer 39

Crystal Palace