The Human Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Herbivores e.g.

A

Animals that feed only on plants e.g. rabbit

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2
Q

Carnivores e.g.

A

Animals that feed on other animals e.g. fox

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3
Q

Omnivores e.g.

A

Animals that feed on plants and animals e.g. badger

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4
Q

Why is there a need for digestion?

A

To break down large food particles until they are small enough to pass into body cells.

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5
Q

Why is there a need for a digestive system?

A

Food can be digested in a single location. Individual cells do not have to contain a full range of digestive enzymes.

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6
Q

Ingestion

A

Food is taken into the alimentary canal

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7
Q

Digestion

A

The physical and chemical breakdown of food into soluble particles small enough to pass into body cells.

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8
Q

Absorption

A

The movement of digested material from the alimentary canal into the blood system.

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9
Q

Egestion

A

Removal of unabsorbed material as faeces.

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10
Q

Nutrition

A

The way an organism obtains and uses it’s food.

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11
Q

Autotrophic

A

A type of nutrition where organism make its own food.

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12
Q

Heterotrophic

A

A type of nutrition where organism cannot make its own food.

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13
Q

What is the human dental formula?

A

The number of each type of tooth in the upper jaw one side of the mouth.

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14
Q

Where do symbiotic bacteria function?

A

The large intestine

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15
Q

What types of mechanical digestion are used to breakdown food?

A
  1. Teeth 2. Contractions in the stomach wall 3. Peristalsis
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16
Q

Peristalsis

A

Rhythmic muscular contraction and relaxation in the wall of the alimentary canal causing the food to move along the canal

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17
Q

Name the different types of teeth

A

Incisors, Canines, Pre molars, Molars

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18
Q

Incisors

A

Cutting

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19
Q

Canines

A

Tearing

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20
Q

Pre molars

A

Crushing and grinding

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21
Q

Molars

A

Crushing and grinding

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22
Q

Give the human dental formula

A

i 2/2 c 1/1 pm 2/2 m 3/3

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23
Q

Name the parts of the human digestive system

A

Mouth, Salivary Gland, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Liver, Stomach, Gall bladder, Pancreas, Bile duct, Small intestine (Duodenum, Ileum), Large intestine (Colon, Caecum, Appendix, Rectum, Anus)

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24
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

A muscular tube 25cm long that connects the pharynx to the stomach that food moves down by peristalsis.

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25
Q

What connects the pharynx to the stomach?

A

The oesophagus

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26
Q

How does food move down the oesophagus?

A

Peristalsis

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27
Q

What is the stomach?

A

A J-shaped muscular bag which stores and digests food for about four hours and churns and mixes food with gastric juice forming Chyme.

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28
Q

What is the shape of the stomach?

A

J-shaped

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29
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

It stores and digests food for about four hours and churns and mixes food with gastric juice forming Chyme.

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30
Q

What does the stomach mix with food and what does this create?

A

gastric juice, Chyme

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31
Q

What are the two types of digestion in the stomach?

A

Mechanical and Chemical digestion

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32
Q

How does mechanical digestion occur in the stomach?

A

Peristalsis physically breaks up food particles

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33
Q

How does chemical digestion occur in the stomach?

A

Chemical digestion occurs using gastric juice containing mucus, HCl and pepsinogen.

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34
Q

What does gastric juice contain?

A

Mucus, HCl and pepsinogen

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35
Q

What are the functions of gastric juice?

A

Mucus lines and protects the stomach wall, HCl kills bacteria and activates pepsinogen and pepsinogen is converted to the active enzyme Pepsin by HCl. Pepsin digests protein to peptides.

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36
Q

What is Pepsin and what does it do?

A

Pepsin in an active enzyme that digests protein to peptides.

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37
Q

What and where is the cardiac sphincter muscle?

A

A circular muscle which contracts to close entry from the oesophagus to the stomach.

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38
Q

What and where is the pyloric sphincter muscle?

A

A circular muscle which contracts to close the entry from the duodenum to the stomach. (open when relaxed)

39
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

A muscular tube 5-6m long that carries out digestion and absorption. It has three parts, the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum.

40
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

A muscular tube 5-6m long that carries out digestion and absorption. It has three parts, the duodenum and the jejuneum/ileum.

41
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine?

A

digestion and absorption

42
Q

What are the two parts of the small intestine?

A

The duodenum and the jejuneum/ileum

43
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

A 25cm muscular tube where most digestion takes place.

44
Q

What is the Jejuneum/Ileum?

A

A long tube that absorbs nutrients and contains villi.

45
Q

What is the Ileum also known as?

A

The Jejuneum

46
Q

What is the function of the Jejuneum/Ileum?

A

To absorb nutrients

47
Q

How has the Jejuneum/Ileum adapted to allow for absorption?

A
  1. It is a long tube which allows time for absorption to take place.
  2. It contains villi which are infoldings which increase the surface area available for the absorption of food.
48
Q

What are villi and what are their function?

A

Infoldings in the lining of the small intestine which increase surface area for absorption of digested food.

49
Q

What is the singular of villi?

A

Villus

50
Q

Where is a lacteal and what is it’s function?

A

In a villus. To absorb fatty acids and glycerol.

51
Q

What is absorbed into the blood in the villus?

A

All digested food except fatty acids and glycerol.

52
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine (colon)?

A

To reabsorb water, produce B group vitamins and digest cellulose.

53
Q

What produces B group vitamins and digests cellulose in the large intestine?

A

Symbiotic bacteria

54
Q

What is the function of the caecum?

A

It is vestigial - has lost it’s former use and therefore it’s function is unknown to humans

55
Q

What is the function of the appendix?

A

It is vestigial - has lost it’s former use and therefore it’s function is unknown to humans

56
Q

What is the function of the rectum?

A

To store faeces

57
Q

What is the role of the liver in digestion?

A

The liver produces bile

58
Q

What is bile?

A

A yellow-green liquid

59
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

The gall bladder

60
Q

Where does bile enter the duodenum through?

A

The bile duct

61
Q

What does bile consist of?

A

Water, bile salts and bile pigments

62
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

It emulsifies fat which increases the surface area of the fat droplets. It also neutralises the acidic chyme from the stomach.

63
Q

What are the benefits of dietry fibre

A

Fibre stimulates peristalsis in the colon and helps to prevent constipation

64
Q

How does constipation occur?

A

When undigested material passes through the colon too slowly. This leads to too much water being reabsorbed.

65
Q

What are the benefits of dietry fibre?

A

Fibre stimulates peristalsis in the colon and helps to prevent constipation

66
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts

67
Q

What are the three enzymes involved in digestion?

A

Amylase, Pepsin and Lipase

68
Q

What is the role of salivary amylase?

A

To digest starch

69
Q

Where is the production site of salivary amylase?

A

The salivary glands

70
Q

Where does salivary amylase work?

A

In the mouth

71
Q

What is the pH in the mouth, where salivary amylase works?

A

Alkaline, pH = 8

72
Q

What is the digestion product of salivary amylase?

A

Maltose

73
Q

What is the role of pepsin?

A

To digest protein

74
Q

Where is the production site of pepsin?

A

Gastric glands in the stomach wall

75
Q

Where does pepsin act?

A

The stomach

76
Q

What is the pH in the stomach, where pepsin act?

A

Acid, pH = 2

77
Q

What is the digestion product of pepsin?

A

Peptides

78
Q

What is the role of lipase?

A

To digest fat

79
Q

Where is the production site of lipase?

A

The pancreas

80
Q

Where does lipase act?

A

The dudenum

81
Q

What is the digestion product of lipase?

A

Fatty acids and Glycerol

82
Q

What parts make up the large intestine?

A

Caecum, Colon, Appendix, Rectum, Anus

83
Q

What is the definition of a balanced diet?

A

Taking the correct amounts of all the essential nutrients in the diet e.g. carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fibre, vitamins, minerals, water

84
Q

How is a balanced diet achieved?

A

Eating a variety of foods and eating each food type in moderation

85
Q

What does the amount of food required by someone depend on?

A

Age - young adults need more than older individuals
Gender - Males need more than females
Activity - More active individuals need more than less active individuals

86
Q

How many food groups are there and what are they?

A

5 - Breads and cereals, Fruit and vegetables, Meat fish and poultry, Milk and milk products, Fats oils and alcohol

87
Q

Draw a food pyramid

A

.

88
Q

How many daily food portions of oils fats and alcohol should and adult eat?

A

Very few

89
Q

How many daily food portions of milk products should an adult eat?

A

2-3

90
Q

How many daily food portions of meat, fish and poultry should an adult eat?

A

2-3

91
Q

How many daily food portions of fruit should an adult eat?

A

3-5

92
Q

How many daily food portions of vegetables should an adult eat?

A

3-5

93
Q

How many daily food portions of cereals, breads and potatoes should an adult eat?

A

6-11