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The Heart/ urinary/ reproductive > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Major functions of the respiratory system:

_____-Gas (oxygen and carbon dioxide) exchange between the external environment and the blood.

A

External Respiration

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2
Q

Major functions of the respiratory system:
_____-Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid so removing carbon dioxide from the blood increases blood pH.

A

Maintain blood pH homeostasis

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3
Q

Major functions of the respiratory system:

____- the vocal cords in the larynx vibrate as air is forced through producing sound to enable vocalization.

A

Sound production

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4
Q

Major functions of the respiratory system:

_____-air is drawn into the nasal cavity where odorants dissolve into the mucous of the olfactory epithelium.

A

Smell

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5
Q

Functional divisions of the respiratory system :
_____-series of interconnecting cavities and tubes that conduct air into and out of the lungs.
o Bulk flow of air into and out occurs here but no external respiration.
o Includes the Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and most bronchioles (with exception of the most distal respiratory bronchioles).

A

Conducting zone

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6
Q

Functional divisions of the respiratory system :
_____-consists of those portions of the respiratory system where external respiration occurs.
o Includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs.

A

Respiratory zone

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7
Q

_______- ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells found lining the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, trachea, and bronchi.
• Filters, moistens and warms air

A

Respiratory Mucous Membrane (Mucosa)

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8
Q

Respiratory Mucous Membrane (Mucosa)

______-traps bacteria and foreign debris and moistens air

A

Mucus

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9
Q

Respiratory Mucous Membrane (Mucosa)

______-sweeps mucus towards the pharynx

A

Cilia

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10
Q

______-serves as the primary entrance into the respiratory system

A

Nose

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11
Q

Nose:

______-opening to the exterior (nostrils)

A

External nares

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12
Q

Nose
Nasal cavity :
_____-divides cavity into right and left sides

A

Nasal septum

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13
Q

Nose
Nasal cavity :
____-increases turbulence of inspired air and increases exposure to respiratory mucosa

A

Nasal conchae

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14
Q

Nose
Nasal cavity :
____-groove under the nasal conchae

A

Meatus

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15
Q

Nose
Nasal cavity :
______-floor of nasal cavity and roof of the oral cavity

A

Hard and soft palate

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16
Q

Nose
Nasal cavity :
______-opens posteriorly into the nasopharynx

A

Internal nares

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17
Q

Nose
Nasal cavity :
______-– produce mucus and resonate sound

A

Paranasal sinuses

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18
Q

_____-muscular passage extending from the nasal cavity to the larynx. It is divided into three regions:

A

Pharynx

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19
Q

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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20
Q

What region of the Pharynx is this?

____-superior portion of the pharynx, lies posterior to internal nares and superior to the soft palate

A

Nasopharynx

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21
Q

Within the Nasopharynx:

_____-located on the posterior wall

A

Pharyngeal tonsil

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22
Q

Within the Nasopharynx:

____-open into the nasopharynx

A

Eustachian tubes

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23
Q

What region of the Pharynx is this?

_____-middle portion of the pharynx, lies posterior to the oral cavity, common passageway for food and air

A

Oropharynx

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24
Q

Within the Oropharynx:

_____-located on the lateral walls

A

Palatine tonsils

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25
Q

Within the Oropharynx:

_____-found at the base of the tongue

A

Lingual tonsil

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26
Q

What region of the Pharynx is this?
_____-inferior portion of the pharynx, extends from the hyoid bone to the esophagus (posterior) and the larynx (anterior)

A

Laryngopharynx

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27
Q

_____-passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea.
• Lies inferior to the hyoid and anterior to the esophagus (C4 – C6 level)
• Produces sound and prevents food from entering the trachea
• Consists of 9 segments of cartilage:

A

larynx

28
Q

What type cartilage of the Larynx is this?

______-large anterior shield shaped cartilage

A

Thyroid cartilage

29
Q

What type cartilage of the Larynx is this?

____-complete cartilage ring inferior to the thyroid cartilage

A

Cricoid cartilage

30
Q

What type cartilage of the Larynx is this?

_____-attach superiorly to the cricoid and anchors vocal cords.

A

Arytenoid cartilages

31
Q

What type cartilage of the Larynx is this?

_____-horn shaped tips that sit superiorly on the arytenoid cartilages

A

Corniculate cartilages

32
Q

What type cartilage of the Larynx is this?

_____-support the vestibular folds (false vocal cords).

A

Cuneiform cartilages

33
Q

What type cartilage of the Larynx is this?
_____-spoon shaped elastic cartilage flap that projects from the anterior aspect of the larynx over the glottis
 The larynx rises and the epiglottis moves downward to form a lid over the glottis when swallowing

A

Epiglottis

34
Q

Vocal cords
_______-elastic ligaments attached to the arytenoid and thyroid cartilages
 When pulled tight they vibrate and produce sound as air is expelled from lungs.

A

True vocal cords

35
Q

Vocal cords:

_____-opening between vocal cords

A

Glottis

36
Q

Vocal cords:
_____-(false vocal cords) mucosal folds superior to true vocal cords
 Sensitive to touch and will provoke coughing reflex to eject anything that enters the larynx

A

Vestibular folds

37
Q

_____-• Anterior to the esophagus from the larynx to ~T5
• Divides at the carina into the right and left primary bronchi
• Lined with respiratory mucous membrane
• C–shaped hyaline cartilage rings- prevent trachea from collapsing
o Incomplete posteriorly to allow esophagus to expand anteriorly during swallowing (Trachealis muscle is smooth muscle filling the gap)

A

Trachea

38
Q

_____-large spongy organs composed mostly of elastic connective tissue

A

Lungs

39
Q

Where is the location of the lungs?

A

found in the thoracic cavity surrounded by the right and left pleural cavities.

40
Q

Lungs:

_____-superior point, deep to the clavicle

A

Apex

41
Q

Lungs:

_____-inferior broader portion, rests on diaphragm

A

Base

42
Q

Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures:

_____-three lobes; superior, middle, and inferior; has horizontal and oblique fissure.

A

Right lung

43
Q

Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures:
____-two lobes; superior and inferior, separated by the oblique fissure
 Has the cardiac notch on the medial side

A

Left lung

44
Q

_____-double serous membrane that encloses and protects the lungs

A

Pleural membranes

45
Q

Pleural membranes

______-covers the lung surface

A

Visceral pleura

46
Q

Pleural membranes
_____-lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
 Pleural fluid fills the area between layers to allow gliding and resist separation

A

Parietal pleura

47
Q

____-branching of bronchi into smaller and smaller branches

A

Bronchial Tree

48
Q

Bronchial Tree:
______-right and left branch from the trachea.
o Enter the right and left lung at the hilus (medial depression)

A

Primary bronchi

49
Q

Bronchial Tree:

____-one per lobe

A

Secondary bronchi

50
Q

Bronchial Tree:

____-one per segment (subdivisions of the lobes)

A

Tertiary bronchi

51
Q

Bronchial Tree:

____-small branches that have a thick smooth muscle layer and no cartilage

A

Bronchioles

52
Q

Bronchoiles divides into:

____-lined with non-ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Terminal bronchioles

53
Q

Bronchoiles divides into:

_____-very thin wall made of simple squamous epithelium connects to the Alveolar ducts within alveolar sacs.

A

Respiratory bronchioles

54
Q

_____- Site of external respiration (gas exchange) between the blood and air in respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs.

A

Respiratory Membrane (air-blood barrier)

55
Q

_____-clusters air sacs with a thin wall of simple squamous epithelium

A

Alveolar sacs

56
Q

____-thin walled air sacs, each closely associated with capillaries

A

Alveoli

57
Q

Cells in the wall of Alveolar sacs?

A
  • Type I alveolar cells
  • Type II alveolar cells
  • Macrophages
58
Q

Cells in the wall of Alveolar sacs

____-simple squamous epithelium supported by elastic basement membrane

A

Type I alveolar cells

59
Q

Cells in the wall of Alveolar sacs

____– surfactant secreting cells produce oily fluid that reduces surface tension to prevent collapse of alveoli

A

Type II alveolar cells

60
Q

Cells in the wall of Alveolar sacs

_____-perform phagocytosis to engulf debris

A

Macrophages

61
Q

_____-movement of air into the lungs.
• Contraction of the primary muscles of inspiration (diaphragm and external intercostal muscles) leads to increased volume of the thoracic cavity. Increasing volume decreases pressure and air flows into the lungs.

A

Inspiration

62
Q

_____-movement of air out the lungs.
• Relaxation of the muscles of inspiration leads to decreased volume of the lungs. Decreasing volume increases pressure and air flows out of the lungs.

A

Expiration

63
Q

____-Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) move through the plasma membranes of cells by simple diffusion.

A

During Gas Exchange

64
Q

____-gas exchange between the blood of the pulmonary capillaries and air in the respiratory zone of the lungs. O2 moves into the blood and CO2 moves out.

A

External respiration

65
Q

____-gas exchange between the blood of the systemic capillaries and the tissues of the body. O2 moves out of the blood and CO2 moves in.

A

Internal respiration

The Heart/ urinary/ reproductive (7 decks)

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