Structures of the hilum of the kidney
4
sinuses
renal artery
renal vein
ureters
Structures inside the kidney you need to know?
8
renal cortex renal pyramid renal column renal papilla minor calices major calices renal pelvis renal sinus
Components of the nephron
4
Afferent arterioles
Glomerulus
Efferent arterioles
Collecting ducts
Structures of the adrenal gland?
3
Cortex
Medulla
Fibrous capsule
What nerve supplies the adrenal gland?
Thoracic splanchnic nerve
Where does the superior suprarenal artery arise from?
right and left inferior phrenic artery
Where does the middle suprarenal artery arise from?
Lateral side of the abdominal aorta
Where does the inferior suprarenal artery arise from?
left and right renal artery
Where is the psoas muscle in relation to the ureters?
Posterior to the ureter
Passes vertically on the psoas
Where is the transverse processes in relation to the ureters?
Runs close to the tips of transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae.
Where do the ureters enter the bladder?
Posteriorly and inferior into the bladder (attaches superiorly but doesn’t enter until it hits the inferior portion)
Where are kidney stones most likely to become lodged?
3
UP junction (ureteropelvic junction- renal pelvis) Just above the iliac crest (ureter comes up and over the iliac) Entry into the bladder
What are the main symptoms of kidney stones?
- Having to urinate often but producing small amounts
- Flank pain
- Pink, red, brown urine
What structure in the kidney is responsible for kidney stones?
Renal papillae
Know the following structures of the bladder
5
Apex Body Trigone Ureteric openings Internal urethral orifice
Whats the difference between your internal and external urethral orifice?
Internal is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system and external is controlled by the parasympathetic
Where is the pubic bone in relation to the bladder?
Anterior to the bladder
Is the bladder in the peritoneum?
its half in the peritoneum and half out of it
What kind of muscle is the bladder composed of?
detruser muscle
The two types of urethra in the male?
Prostatic urethra- in the medial prostate
Corpus spongiosum urethra- in the tissue of the shaft of the penis
If you were to see varices in the right scrotum what would you be worried about?
Tumor in the kidneys cutting off blood supply from the inferior vena cava
If you are taking out a kidney why would you cut the artery first?
Otherwise you still have blood going to the organ and nothing to drain it out so you have internal bleeding
What makes up the renal sinus?
Renal Pelvis
Major Calcies
Minor Calices
Coverings of the kidney?
2
perinephric fat and perirenal fascia
What composes the greater and lesser parts of the pelvis?
Greater- inferior part of the abdomen between the alae of the ilium
Lesser- pelvic viscera and perineum (taint) and supporting bones (ischium and pubis)
The pelvic floor
Muscles of the pelvis
4
Iliopsoas
Levator Ani
coccygeal
sphincters 3
What is the difference between the male and female urethra?
Male urethra is much longer
Females have a higher rate of infection due to the short length
Issues that could arise with the bladder?
3
enlarged prostrate pushing on it
Cancer
Infection
Where is sperm stored?
2
Epididymus
Vas deferenes sometimes too
How do you test for a sore kidney?
Palpate right below the 12th rib/costovertebral angle.
Are ureters supported by the mesentery?
No so they need their own blood supply
Is the spleen in the peritoneum?
Part in the peritoneum part retro
What is the functioning unit of the kidney?
nephron
Where does filtration occur?
glommerulus
What is the main symptom of kidney stones?
severe, colicky, pain
pain because of peristalsis
In KUB slides on page 6 what is the picture showing?
Nephrolithiasis-stones in the kidney
Why is kidney transplant easier than other organs?
There is only a single artery, vein and ureter to divide and repair
Three layers of the wall of the ureter?
Fibrous coat (Adventitia layer)
Muscularis-circular and longitudinal layer
Mucosa
Submucosa
What is a retrograde dye study involving the kidneys?
Dye is put into the urethra (probably by drinking) and a cystoscope is put into the bladder up through the ureter to check for blockages
Where is portal hypertension seen?
Vessel blockage (portal/heptaic veins) Cirrhosis(alcohol/hepatitis)
Where are the three places where the portal and systemic venous systems connect?
Esophagus
umbilicus
rectum
What is ascites?
Bulging of the stomach due to accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
What is hypersplenism and what are its symptoms?
3
Removes blood cells too early and too quickly causing:
moderate anemia
neutropenia (abnormally low count of blood cells)
Thrombocytopenia (deficiency of platelets in the blood. Increase in bruising and slow clotting)
What are the sphincters in the pelvic floor?
2
External anal sphincter
External urethra sphincter
What are the effects of an enlarged prostate?
3
Diminished bladder capacity
Diminished urinary stream
urgency
What are the borders of the femoral triangle?
Inguinal ligement-superior
Medial border of the sartorius-lateral border
Medial border of the Adductor longus-medial border
What runs through the femoral triangle/canal?
Femoral artery and deep femoral artery
Femoral nerve
Femoral vein
Great saphenous vein