The Urinary System Normal/Abnormal Urinalysis Findings

Question 1

—— VALUES FOR URINALYSIS TESTING ————-»

        Element------->Normal Findings

Answer 1

Color------->Straw-colored, pale yellow to deep gold
Odor------->Aromatic
Appearance------->Clear
Specific Gravity------->1.001-1.030
pH------->5.0-8.0
Protein------->Negative to trace
Glucose------->None
Ketones------->None
Blood------->Negative

Question 2

Color

Answer 2

Color varies depending on the patient’s fluid intake and output or medication. Brown or black urine color indicates a serious disease process

Question 3

Odor

Answer 3

A fetid or foul odor may indicate infection. While a fruity odor may be found in diabetes mellitus, dehydration, or starvation. Other odors may be due to medication or foods

Question 4

Appearance

Answer 4

Cloudiness may mean that an infection is present

Question 5

Specific gravity

Answer 5

Concentrated urine has a higher specific gravity. Dilute urine, such as can be found with diabetes insipidus, acute tubular necrosis, or salt-restricted diets, have a lower specific gravity

Question 6

pH

Answer 6

A pH value below 7.0 (acidic) is common in urinary tract infections, metabolic or respiratory acidosis, diets high in fruits or vegetables, or administration of some drugs. A pH higher than 7.0 (basic or alkaline) is common in metabolic or respiratory alkalosis, fever, high-protein diets, and taking ascorbic acid

Question 7

Protein

Answer 7

Protein may indicate glomerulonephritis or preeclampsia in a pregnant woman

Question 8

Glucose

Answer 8

Small amounts of glucose may be present as the result of eating a high-carbohydrate meal, stress, pregnancy, and taking some medications, such as aspirin or corticosteroids. Higher levels may indicate poorly controlled diabetes, Cushing’s syndrome, or infection

Question 9

Ketones

Answer 9

The presence of ketones may indicate poorly controlled diabetes, dehydration, starvation, or ingestion of large amounts of aspirin

Question 10

Blood

Answer 10

Blood may indicate glomerulonephritis, cancer of the urinary tract, some types of anemia, taking of some medications (such as blood thinners), arsenic poisoning, reactions to transfusion, trauma, burns, and convulsions