Theories Relating To The Learning Of Movement Skills

Question 1

What is performance?

Answer 1

Execution of a specific motor skill which can be seen and measured. It is an indicator of learning

Question 2

What is learning?

Answer 2

A permanent change in behaviour

Question 3

What is habit?

Answer 3

A well learned automatic response

Question 4

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 4

Stimulus is presented by a coach that replicates a sport situation
Learner uses trail and error to respond
Correct response is positively reinforced, strengthening the S-R bond
Incorrect response is not reward by coach
Repetition of correct response so it becomes habitual
Behaviour is modified and shaped gradually in small steps and incorrect responses disappear

Question 5

How can operate conditioning contribute to the learning of positive behaviours associated with a BAHL

Answer 5

Positive reinforcement for correct response which strengths S-R bond
When benefits are seen such as improving body, shape, reinforcement is much more likely
Education and medical advice
Role models are much more likely to modify behaviour

Question 6

What is the cognitive theory?

Answer 6

Learners given a problem in the context of a realistic situation
Learners consider problem as a whole in a realistic situation
Learners perceive their environment an use intelligence, current knowledge and past experience to find a solution.
Learners also use intervening variables such as mental rehearsal and reminiscence to gain an understanding of the problem
Insight learning occurs through thinking about the problem as a whole and responding to it. Gestalt philosophy

Question 7

What factors can affect perception?

Answer 7

Experience
Type of performer
Confidence

Question 8

How can cognitive theory be applied to encourage a healthy lifestyle?

Answer 8

Learner decided what they need go do

Consequences

Question 9

What is bandura’s model of observational learning?

Answer 9

Demonstration given by coach
The performer selectively attends to the important aspects of the demonstration
The Learner needs to remember the demonstration
The learner must be capable of performing the skill or match the demonstration
The learner must have drive and want to learn the skill

Question 10

How can a coach ensure that the learner is attending to the important aspects of the demonstration?

Answer 10

Key
Kings highlighted with the use of verbal guidance to detect the learners attention to important aspects of the demo
Demo should be given by a role model of high status to the learner who will draw focus onto the demo

Question 11

How can a coach ensure that the learner has remembered the important aspects of the demo?

Answer 11

Repetition of the demonstration will assist memory

Use of catch phrases will aid memory

Question 12

How can a coach ensure that the learner is able to match the demo?

Answer 12

Coach needs to ensure that the learner is physically capable of performing the skill
Coach needs to ensure that the learner has the mental capacity to understand the skill

Question 13

How can a coach ensure that the learner is motivated to learn the skill being demonstrated?

Answer 13

Coach use praise and positive reinforcement to encourage drive to copy the model

Question 14

Example of attention

Answer 14

Pointing out the importance of the elbow coming out of the stet first in the front crawl

Question 15

Capable of learning the skill example

Answer 15

A pass in football and when it needs to be used

Question 16

What is an S-R bond?

Answer 16

A link or connection that is made between a stimulus and the response made by the stimulus

Stimulus of a golf ball with the response being to hit the ball and get it in the hole

Question 17

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 17

A coach will give approval after a successful response to a stimulus in the form of praise or another satisfier such as a stimulus
This strengths the s-R bond and ensures repetition of the desired behaviour

Question 18

How can positive reinforcement ensure repetition?

Answer 18

Self esteem of the performer will have traded and they will be motivated to repeat the desired action

Question 19

Examples of positive reinforcement

Answer 19

Giving tangible rewards
Coach can show the results or benefits of the desired outcomes
Coach can ensure that the practiced are fun and enjoyable
Coach can educate the performer of the effects of the desired outcome using role models

Question 20

Problem of positive reinforcement

Answer 20

Too much praise and rewards given lose motivation effects

If praise is given to incorrect behaviour then an incorrect S-R learning bond will be formed

Question 21

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 21

Weakening an undesired S-R learning bond
When a performer gives an undesired response to a stimulus the coach will give disapproval of an annoyer until the correct response is given
When performer produces the desired behaviour the annoyer is withdrawn
This leads to a strengthening of the correct S-R learning bond

Question 22

Examples of negative reinforcement

Answer 22

Using criticism
Withdrawn praise or reward
Pain can act as an annoyer

Question 23

Problems with negative reinforcement

Answer 23

Not good for cognitive performers- can de motivate and reduce confidence because it can de motivate and reduce confidence
No reasons given by the coach for removal of rewards can lead to frustration

Question 24

What is the law of effect?

Answer 24

If behaviour is reinforced than the learning bond is strengthened
This can be done through positive reinforcement or presentation of a satisfier

Question 25

Negatives of law of effect

Answer 25

Lack of enjoyment will weaken the S-R learning bond

Failure will also hinder learning

Question 26

Example of law of effect

Answer 26

A netball coach giving praise for a correct chest pass

Question 27

What is law of exercise?

Answer 27

S-R learning bond will be strengthening by practice and repaired reinforcement

Question 28

Negatives of law of exercise

Answer 28

Tiredness or information overload will weaken the S-R learning bond
A lack of practice will weaken the S-R learning bond

Question 29

What is law of readiness?

Answer 29

If reinforcement is to strengthen the S-R learning bond the performer must be physically and mentally capable of performing the skill

Question 30

Negatives of law of readiness?

Answer 30

If the learner is too going or immature to perform the skill then this may hinder learning

Question 31

Law of exercise example

Answer 31

Practicing a basketball free throw and a coach giving praise

Question 32

Give an example of a law of readiness

Answer 32

Using armbands with swimmers in the deep end so they can float