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Physiology final exam > Topic 10 - Eosinophil granulocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, thrombocytes > Flashcards

Topic 10 - Eosinophil granulocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, thrombocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Words to include in esinophil granulocytes

A
  • Red granules
    • Lysosomes
      • Enzymes
        • Histamine
        • Aril-sulphate
        • Myeloperoxidase
        • Acidic phosphatase
        • Alkaline phosphatase
        • Nuclease
  • Antiallergic
  • Circulation: 3-8 hours
  • Tissue: 3-5 days
  • Role:
    • Clear way metabolites produced by basophil granulocytes
      • Provoking inflammation
    • Cellular elimination in platelets
  • Low migration capability
    • Phagocytosis (ø)
    • Pinocytosis
    • Chemotactic sensitivity
  • Chemotaxis
    • Specific signals (chemicals)
      • Products of tissue breakdown
      • Histamine
      • Complement factors
      • Broken polysaccharide capsule of bacteria
      • Chemotaxines produced by WBC
        • ECF-A (Eosinophil Chemotaxis factor for Anaphylaxis)
          • T-cells
          • Mast cells
          • Basophils
  • Antiallergic effect
    • Gather in inflammatory areas by chemotaxis
    • Histaminase
    • Aryl-sulphatase
    • Debris
    • Histamine
    • SRS-A (Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis
    • Inflammation
    • Degranulation
    • Eosinophil granulocyte
    • Basophil / mast cell
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2
Q

Words to include in mononuclear phagocyte

A
  • Circulation: 10-40 hours
  • Tissues: 2-3 months
  • Non-segmented nucleus
    • Kidney/bean shaped
  • Granules
    • Lysosomes
    • Azurophyls (non-significant)
  • Enzymes:
    • Proteases
    • Myeloperoxidase
    • Superoxid dismutase
    • Acidic phosphatase
    • Alcalic phosphatase
  • Products:
    • IC digesting enzymes
    • EC enzymes
    • Interleukin-1
    • Interferons
    • Prostaglandin
  • Secreted enzymes:
    • Collagenase
    • Elastase
    • Angiotensin convertase
  • Antigen-elimentory process
    • Monocyte “present” antigen
  • MPS (Mononuclear Phagocyte System)
  • MS (Macrophage System)
    • RES (Reticulo Endothelial System)
    • RHS (Reticulo Histiocytic System)
    • Antigen presentation
    • Secretion
  • Loosening tissue
    • Collagenase
    • Elastase
    • Angiotensine convertase
  • Stimulation of immune response
  • Dividing capacity
  • Migration
  • Chemotaxis
  • Extravasal supply
    • Tissue macrophages

Tissue macrophages

  • Connective tissue
    • Histocyte
  • Liver
    • Kuppfer cells
    • Cell defense
  • Lung
    • Alveolar macrophage
  • Lymphnode
    • Fix and migrating macrophage
  • Spleen
    • Fix and migrating macrophage
  • Bone marrow
    • Fix macrophage
  • Pleura
    • Pleural macrophages
  • Peritoneum
    • Peritoneal macrophages
  • Bone tissue
    • Osteoclasts
  • Nervous system
    • Microglia

Antigen presentation

  • APC cells (Antigen Presenting Cell)
    • Macrophages
    • B-lymphocytes
  • Phagocytized antigen
  • MHC
  • T-lymphocyte
  • T-cell receptor
  • Antigen part
  • MHC complex
  • MHC-II protein
  • MHC-I type surface marker
  • MHC-I protein
  • Antigen part
  • Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte receptor
  • Infected cell presenting antigen

Effects of interleukin-1

  • B-lymphocyte
    • Antibody synthesis
  • T-lymphocyte
    • Interleukin-2 synthesis
  • Hypothalamus
    • Production of fever
  • Bone marrow
    • Forming of neutrophil granulocytes
  • Fibroblast
    • Collagen synthesis
  • Liver
    • Synthesis of acute phase proteins
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3
Q

Words to include in thrombocytes

A
  • Platelets
  • Lifetime: 5-10 days
  • Nucleus (ø)
  • Granular cytoplasm
    • Delta granules
      • Calcium
      • Serotonin
      • ADP
    • Alpha granules
      • Coagulation factors
  • Megakaryocyte (origin)
  • Passive movement
  • Circulation (location)
  • Thrombocyte activating factors
    • Release granules

Morphology

  • Plasma membrane
    • Wide glycocalix
    • CAM (Cell Adhesion Molecules)
  • Canalicular system
  • Actin cortex
    • Vacation of alpha granules
  • Glycogenic granules
  • Mitochondria
  • Internal tubular system
  • Delta granules
    • Store serotonin
  • Alpha granules
    • Coagulaiton factors storage place
  • Lysosomes
    • Acidic hydrolases
  • Peroxisomes
    • Catalase
  • Microtubular cortex
  • External orifices of canalicular sytem
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4
Q

Topics to include in the essay

A
  1. Eosinophil granulocytes
    • Granules
    • Enzymes
    • Cells
    • Lifetime
    • Role
    • Chemotaxis
    • Antiallergic effect
  2. Mononuclear phagocyte
    • Lifetime
    • Nucleus
    • Granules
    • Enzymes
    • Produce
    • Secreted enzymes
    • Antigen presentation
  3. Thrombocytes / platelets
    • Lifetime
    • Origin
    • Morphology
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5
Q

Eosinophil granulocytes

  1. Granules
  2. enzymes
  3. Lifetime
A
  1. Granules:
    • Red
    • Lysosomes, containing enzymes
  2. Enzymes:
    • Histamine
    • Aril-sulphate
    • Myeloperoxidase
    • Acidic phosphatase
    • Alcalic phosphatase
    • Nuclease
  3. Lifetime:
    • Circulation: 3-8 hours
    • Tissues: 3-5 days
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6
Q

Eosinophil granulocytes

Role

A
  • Main task of eosinophil granulocytes:
    • Clear away the metabolites produced by the basophil cells provoking inflammation
      • ​Antiallergic:​Proportion in the blood increases during allergic processes
    • Assure the cellular elimination in platelets
  • Lower migration capability than neutrophil granulocytes:
    • Ø phagocytosis
    • Pinocytosis
    • Stronger chemotactic sensitivity
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7
Q

Eosinophil granulocytes

Chemotaxis

A
  • WBC migrate towards higher concentration of specific signals (chemicals)
  • Most important chemicals:
    • Products of tissue breakdown
    • Histamine
    • Complement factors
    • Broken polysaccharide capsule of bacteria
    • Chemotaxines produced by WBCs
      • ECF-A (Eosinophil chemotaxis factor for anaphylaxis)
        • T-cells
        • Mast cells
        • Basophils
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8
Q

Eosinophil granulocytes

Antiallergic effect

A
  • The eosinophil cells gather in the inflammatory areas by chemotaxis
  • Task of the enzymes histaminase and aril-sulphatase from the granules:
    • Removing the debris
  • The eosinophil cell takes up and breaks down:
    • Histamine produced by the basophil cells
    • SRS-A (Slow reacting substance of Anaphylaxis) that maintains inflammation for a long time
  • Eosinophil cells are able to degranulate (see basophil cells)
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9
Q

Mononuclear phagocyte

  1. Lifetime
  2. Nucleus
  3. Granules
  4. Enzymes
  5. Produce
  6. Secreted enzymes
A
  1. Lifetime:
    • Circulation: 10-40 hours
    • Tissue: 2-3 months
  2. Nucleus:
    • Big, non-segmented
    • Kidney shaped
  3. Granules:
    • Lysosomes
    • Azurophyls (non significant)
  4. Enzymes:
    • Proteases
    • Myeloperoxidase
    • Superoxide dismutase
    • Acidic phosphatase
    • Alcalic phosphatase
  5. Produce: (these compounds stimulates immune response)
    • IC digested enzymes
    • EC enzymes
      • ​“secreted enzymes”
    • Interleukin-1
    • Interferons
    • Prostaglandin
  6. Secreted enzymes: (these enzymes loosens the tissues)
    • Collagenase
    • Elastase
    • Angiotensin convertase
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10
Q

Mononuclear phagocyte

Explain MPS and MS

A
  • MPS: Mononuclear Phagocyte System
  • MS: Macrophage System
    • RES: Reticulo Endothelial System
    • RHS: Reticulo Histiocytic System
    • Task:
      • Antigen presentation
      • Secretion
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11
Q

Mononuclear phagocyte

Antigen presentation

A
  • APC cells (eg. Macrophages or B-lymphocytes) express the digested pieces of the phagocytized antigen together with their own MHC to the cell surface
  • The adequate receptor of the helper T-lymphocyte recognizes the piece of the antigen and the MHC complex
  • This initiates the immune system → antibody production
  • Infected somatic cells express foreign material to the cell surface
  • This goes together with the MHC-I type surface marker
  • If MHCI plus an antigen complex occurs on the surface of the cell, it will be recognized by the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte receptors and the infected cell will be destroyed
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12
Q

Mononuclear phagocytes

Effects of interleukin-1

A
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13
Q

Thrombocyte

Give another name for thrombocyte

A

Platelets

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14
Q

Thrombocytes

Lifetime

A

5-10 days

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15
Q

Thrombocytes

Origin

A

Originate from megakaryocyte

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16
Q

Thrombocyte

Location

A

Found mainly in the circulation

17
Q

Thrombocytes

Morphology

A
  1. Plasma membrane
    • Wide glycocalix
    • CAM (Cell Adhesion Molecules)
  2. Canalicular system
  3. External orifices of canalicular system
  4. Alpha granules
    • Storage place of coagulation factors
  5. Delta granules
    • Store serotonin, calcium and ADP
  6. Internal tubular system (dense tubules)
    • Peroxidase
    • Prostaglandins
  7. Lysosomes
    • Acidic hydrolases
  8. Peroxisomes
    • Catalase
  9. Actin cortex
    • Shrink the clot
    • Helps the vacation of alpha granules
  10. Glycogenic granules
  11. Mitochondria
  12. Microtubular cortex

Physiology final exam (111 decks)

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