Topic 107 - Memory and learning, unconditioned and conditioned reflexes   Flashcards

1
Q

Words to include in unconditioned and conditioned reflexes

A
  • Motor response
  • Exterior stimuli
  • Interior stimuli
  • Herditary
  • Acquired
  • Unconditioned reflex
    • Skinner’s dog experiment
      • Salivation
    • Congenital motor response to external stimuli
    • Secretory response
    • Reinforcement
    • Protective inhibition
  • Conditional reflexes
    • Neural stimulus to unconditioned stimulus
    • Reinforcement
      • Positive stimuli
      • Negative stimuli
  • Protective inhibition
    • Reflex
    • Threshold
    • Conditioned reflex
  • Operant reflex
    • Conditooned reflex
      • Postive reinforcement
      • Negative reinforcement
    • Reinforcement
      • Positive
      • Negative
        • Escape
        • Active avoidance
    • Punishment
      • Positive
      • Negative
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2
Q

Words to include in memory and learning

A
  • Imprinting
  • Kinesthetic learning
    • Learned behavioral pattern
  • Phases of memory
    • Short-term memory
      • Frontal lobe
        • Association cortex
        • Thalamus
        • Reticular formation
      • Neuronal reverberation circuits
        • Memory trace
      • Alpha-2-adrenergic receptiors
    • Middle-term meory
      • Medial temporal lobe
        • Limbic system
          • Hippocampus
          • Amygdala
      • Learning associated with emotions and vegetative functions
      • Long Term Potentiation (LTP)
    • Long-term memory
      • Diffuse cortical distribution
      • Association cortex
      • Engrams
        • Biochemical and morphological changes
      • Synaptic plasticity
      • External stimuli
        • Repeated frequently
  • Retrieval and formation of memory
    • Encoding / registration
      • Receiving
      • Processing
      • Combining of received information
    • Storage
      • Creation of permanent record
    • Retrieval, recal or recollection
  • Types of memory
    • Produced memory
      • Implicit memory
      • Below the level of conscious awareness
      • Long-term memory
    • Declarative memory
      • Explicit memory
      • Epsodic memory
        • Personal experiences
      • Semantic memory
        • Factual information
  • Cellular theories
    • Simple learning
    • Molecular processes
      • Habituation
        • Transmitter release ↓
      • Sensitization
  • Hippocampus
    • Single stimulus
      • Glutamatergic receptors
        • NMDA-n-methyl-D-asparate
        • Non-NMDA
          • Post-synaptic membrane
      • Long-term neuronal stimulation
      • Pre-synaptic stimulation
    • Long term stimulus
      • Long-term pre-synaptic stimulation
      • Prolonged depolarization
      • Non-NMDA receptor
      • NMDA-linked cation channels
      • Calcium signal
      • Post-synaptic cell
      • Retrograde signals
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3
Q

Unconditioned and conditioned reflexes

Unconditioned reflex

A
  • Unconditione reflex: when congenital motor or secretory response to external stimuli, always performed in the same way
  • Skinner’s dog experiment: saliva was secreted by the parotid gland when expecting food
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4
Q

Unconditioned and conditioned reflexes

Conditional reflex

A
  • Conditioned reflex: An acquired response where the subject learns to associate a previously unrelated neural stimulus with a different stimulus that elicits some kind of reaction
    • In time the neural stimulus will be connected to the unconditioned stimulus, and will alone evoke the same reflex as the unconditioned stimulus
  • Reinforcement is needed to kee the conditioned reflex
    • Either positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement
  • The conditioned reflex can be inhibited by either external or internal factors
  • Protective inhibition: The stronger the conditioned stimulus, the stronger the reflex. However, above a certain threshold (e.g.: too loud sound stimulus) the conditioned reflex, originally initiated by sound, is inhibited
  • Operant reflex: If the reinforcement is not caused by the experiment, but the animal itself
    • To build up a conditioned reflex, pleasent and unpleaset stimuli equally can be used.
      • Positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement
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5
Q

Unconditioned and conditioned reflexes

Operant reflex

A
  • To build up a conditioned reflex, pleasent and unpleasent stimuli can be used - positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement
  • In operant conditioning, stimuli present when a behavior is rewarded or punished come to control that behavior
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6
Q

Memory and learning

Imprinting

A

Imprinting: Traces of some vitally important stimuli and signals can be stored in memory for a lifetime, even if the animal encounters them only once

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7
Q

Memory and learning

Phases of memory

A
  • Short-term memory
    • Connected to the frontal lobe
      • ​Association cortex
      • Thalamus
      • Reticular formation
    • With the generation of neural reverberation circuits
    • Alpha-2-adrenergic receptor (role in formation of short-term memory)
  • Middle-term memory
    • Memory for hours, days or longer
    • Connected to:
      • Medial temporal lobe
        • ​Hippocampus
        • Amygdala
    • The hippocampus and amygdala are a part of the limbic system, and are the most important structures of learning associated with emotions and vegetative functions
    • NMDA receptors and LTP (Long Term Potential)
  • Long-term memory
    • Location: diffuse cortical distribution
    • This memory can not be erased
    • It is a result of diffuse co-operation of the whole association cortex
    • Synaptic plasticity
      • Engrams: Repitedly reinforced stimuli generate biochemical and morphological changes
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8
Q

Memory and learning

Give the stages in the formation and retrieval of memory

A
  1. Encoding or registration
    • ​​Receiving, processingandcombining of received information
  2. Storage
    • ​Creation of permanent record of the encoded information
  3. Retrieval, recall or recollection​​
    • Calling back the stored information
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9
Q

Memory and learning

Give the types of memory

A
  • Procedural memory (implicit memory)
    • Memory from the performance of particular types of actions
    • Usually resides below the level of conscious awareness
    • Long-term memory
    • E.g. tying shoes, reading
  • Declarative memory (explicit memory)
    • Memories that can me consciously recalled such as facts and knowledge
    • Can be divided into two categories:
      1. Episodic memory (personal experiences)
      2. Semantic memory (factual information)
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10
Q

Memory and learning

Cellular theories: Give the types of simple learning

A
  • The two types of simple learning:
    • Habituation (tilvenning)
    • Sensitization
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11
Q

Memory and learning

Long-term potential

A

Hippocampus

  • The hippocampus have two types of glutamatergic receptors:
    • ​NMDA n-methyl-D-asparate
    • Non-NMDA
  • The NMDA glutamate receptor can be stimulated under two conditions:
    • Depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane
    • Transmission of a large amount of glutamate
  • Long-term potential: long-lasting strengthening of synapses between nerve cells, used to explain long-term memory
    • The strong, sustained stimulus ‘leaves a trace behind’ (for hours or days) even after its ceasing
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12
Q

Memory and learning

Long-term potential: single stimulus

A
  • A single or less intensive pre-synaptic stimulation leads to opening of the non-NMDA glutamate receptor on the post-synaptic membrane
  • Therefore, only a short-term AP transmission occurs from the post-synaptic neuron
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13
Q

Memory and learning

Long-term potential: long term stimulus

A
  • Long-lasting pre-synaptic stimulation cause a prolonged depolarization through the non-NMDA receptor, releasing NMDA-linked cation channel from the inhibitory effect of magnesium, and opening it
  • It therefore evokes a long-lasting calcium signal in the post-synaptic cell
    • Result:
      • Frequent AP firing of the post-synaptic neuron
      • Retrograde signals
        • May maintain the increased activity for a longer time
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