Topic 14 - Adaptive (acquired) immune response; structure of the antigens and immunoglobulins

Question 1

Words to include in adaptive (acquired) immune response

Answer 1

• Antibodies
• MHC
• T-cell receptor
• B-cell receptor
• Lymphatic cytokines
• B-lymphocyte
• T-lymphocyte
• Antigen presenting cells (DC, FDC)
• Antigen specific
• Immunological memory
• Exponential amplification
• Humoral immunity
• Cellular immunity
• Active immunity
• Passive immunity
• Afferent phase
  
  • Cognitive
  • Recognition phase
• Central phace
  
  • Activation
  • Plasma cells (from B-cells)
  • Effecgor T-Ly (from T-cells)
• Efferent phase
  
  • Elimination phase

Question 2

Words to include in immunoglobulins

Answer 2

• Specific chain structure
• Molecular mass
• Heavy chain
• Light chain
  
  • Lambda
  • Kappa
• Variable region
  
  • Ag-binding site
  • Amino acids
  • Hypervariable antigen binding sites
• Constant region
  
  • Amino acid components
• Hinge region
  
  • Disulfide bonds
• FAB (Fragment Antigen Binding)
• FC (Fraction Crystallisable)
• Antibodies
  
  • Aminoterminal end (antigen binding domain)
  • Caroxyterminal (effector region)
• Isotipia
• Allotopia
• Idiotipia
• Immunoglobulin domains
• IgM
  
  • Mu
  • Complex pathogens
  • Human hemagglutination
• IgG
  
  • Gamma
• IgA
  
  • Alpha
• IgD
  
  • Delta
• IgE
  
  • Epilson
• Monofunctional character
  
  • FAB dependent function
• Polyfunctional character
  
  • FC dependent function
• B-lymphocytes
• B-cell
• B-cell receptors
• Plasma cells (from B-cells)

Question 3

Words to include in antigens

Answer 3

• Antibody generator (Ag)
• Membrane receptor
• T-cell receptor
• B-cell receptor
• Complex proteins
• Polysaccharides
• Antigen specific lymphocyte
• Immunogen
• Epitope
  
  • Antigen determinant
  • Ig/BcR
  • TcR
• Paratop
  
  • Ligand pair
• Hapten
• Carrier
• Auto antigens (self-matter)
• Allo-antigens (matter of the same species)
• Xeno-antigens (matter of another species)
• Affinity
• Avidity

Question 4

Adaptive immune response

Main molecular components

Answer 4

• Antibodies
• MHC
• T cell receptor
• B cell receptor
• Lymphatic cytokines

Question 5

Adaptive immune response

Main cellular components

Answer 5

• B-lymphocytes
• T-lymphocytes
• Antigen presenting cells (DC, FDC)

Question 6

Adaptive immunity

Functional characteristics

Answer 6

• Antigen specific
• Immunological memory
• Activated after a latency period
• Exponential amplification of the reaction

Question 7

Adaptive immunity

Types

Answer 7

• There are two major forms of specific (acquired) immune response:
  
  1. Humoral immunity
  2. Cellular immunity
• There are two basic types of acquired immunity
  
  1. Active immunity
     
     • Specific
     • Creates memory
  2. Passive immunity
     
     • Specific
     • No memory

Question 8

Adaptive immunity

Phases of adaptive immunity

Answer 8

1. Afferent phase
   
   • Responsive immune cells are prepared
   • Cognitive
   • Recognition phase
   • Ly-repertior express receptors
   • Ag + Ly-receptor interaction = Ag activation and Ag processing
   • Differentiation between “self” and “non-self”
2. Central phase
   
   • Activation (after meeting with the antigen)
   • B-cells turns to plasma cells
   • T-cells turns to effector T-Ly
3. Efferent phase
   
   • Elimination phase
   • Activated immune cells and their products eliminate “non-self”, while protecting “self” structures or develop tolerance against them

Question 9

Structure of the immunoglobulins

Structure

Answer 9

• Have specific chain structure
• Heavy chain
  
  • Two
• Light chain
  
  • Two types:
    
    • Lambda
    • Kappa
• Variable region
  
  • Ag-binding site
  • Amino acids present
  • Two hypervariable antigen binding sites
• Constant region
  
  • Constant amino acid components
• Hinge region
  
  • Makes the molecule more flexible while binding the antigen
  • Disulfide bond
• FAB (Fragment Antigen Binding)
  
  • The part responsible for binding the antigen
• FC (Fraction Crystallisable)
  
  • The part that is responsible for the biological effect

Question 10

Structure of the immunoglobulins

Antibodies, end

Answer 10

• Aminoterminal end
  
  • Binds the determinant group of the antigen (antigen binding domain)
• Carboxytermina end
  
  • Binds to the surface receptors of different cells (effector region)
• Antibodies are formed by immunoglobulin domains

Question 11

Structure of the immunoglobulins

Types of variabillity

Answer 11

• Isotipia
  
  • Variability in a class
  • Determined by the constant region (FC fragment)
• Allotopia
  
  • Variability in an individual
• Idiotipia
  
  • Variability in an immunoglobulin type
  • Determined by the variable region (FAB fragment (fragment antigen binding))

Question 12

Structure of immunoglobulin

Immunoglobulin classes

Answer 12

Question 13

Structure of antigens

Definition of antigens

Answer 13

• Definition: antibody generator (Ag)
• A substance, which is recognized by T cell and/or B cell receptors and is able to induce active immune response or tolerance
• The antigen is a non-self matter that elicits the immune response
  
  • Normally, it does not belong to the body
  • Generally, it belongs to the body of the pathogenic agent
• It is usually a protein with large molecular weight (polysaccharide etc.)
• The whole antigen molecule is responsible for triggering the immune response
• Only part of the antigen molecule (epitop) takes part in the binding of the antibody produced against it

Question 14

Structure of antigens

Basic terms

Answer 14

• Immunogen
  
  • Fine chemical structure, which can induce specific immune response
• Epitope
  
  • (Antigen determinant) well circumscribed region of the antigen molecule recognized by Ig/BcR or TcR
• Paratop
  
  • Ligand pair of the epitope
• Hapten
  
  • Small molecular weight antigen, which can not induce immune reaction itself, but specifically recognized by immunoglobulins
• Carrier
  
  • Indifferent, large molecular weight molecule, holding hapten molecules on the surface

Question 15

Structue of antigen

Antigen classification

Answer 15

• Antigenicity, depending on their origin:
  
  1. Auto-antigens (self matter)
  2. Allo-antigens (matter of the same species)
  3. Xeno-antigens (matter of another species)
• Antigenicity is determined by the epitop:
  
  • Binding force:
    
    1. Affinity (one epitop)
    2. Avidity (more than one epitop)
  • Specificity (degree of selectivity)