Topic 19 - Types of striated muscles, energy sources of muscle functioning, oxygen debt Flashcards

1
Q

Words to include in types of striated muscles

A
  • Water
  • Proteins
    • Structural proteins
    • Soluble proteins
    • Contractile
    • Albumin
    • Enzymes
  • ATP
  • Creatine phosphate
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Smooth muscle
  • ATPase type
  • SR pump
  • Junction / fiber
  • T-system
  • Muscle AP / neural AP
  • Contraction time
  • Metabolism
    • Mixed
    • Anaerobic
    • Oxidative
  • Fatigue
  • Fiber length
  • Phasic type
    • Fast twithc
    • Anaerobe glycolysis
    • White
      • M. gastrocnemiu
  • Tonic type
    • Slow twithc
    • Sustained work
    • Glucose oxidation
    • Red
      • M. longimissimus dorsi
  • Intermediate type
    • Pink
      • M. pectoralis
  • Dynamic remodeling
    • Hyperthrophy
      • Fiber hypertrophy
    • Atrophy
      • Muscle degradation
  • Remodeling (of slow muscles)
    • Myoglobin content ↑
    • Mitochindria ↑
    • Oxidative enzyme content of mitochondria ↑
    • Capillarization ↑
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2
Q

Words to include in energy soruces of muscle functioning

A
  • ATP
    • Contraction
    • Relaxation
  • Creatine-phosphate
    • Short term energy reserve
    • Intensive contraction
  • Anaerobe glycolysis
    • Glycogen
      • Glycogenolysis
      • Fast movement
    • Glucose
      • Long term contaction
    • Lactic acid
      • Sarcomere level (ø contraction)
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
    • Long term muscle activity
    • Red muscles
    • Pyruvate
    • AcCoA
    • ATP resynthesis (slow)
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3
Q

Words to include in oxygen debt

A
  • Anaerobe glycolysis
  • Resynthesize
  • Aerobe conditions
    • Oxygen consumption (↑)
  • Anaerobe mechanisms
    • Replenish glycogen
    • Creatine phosphate
  • Oxygen consumption
  • Resting
  • Working in oxygen-free environment
  • Oxygen debt
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4
Q

Types of striated muscle

Define striated muscle

A
  • Striated muscle tissue has:
    • Sarcomeres
      • The presence of sarcomeres manifests as a series of bands along the muscle fibers, giving a striated apperance
    • T-tubules
      • Enables the release of Ca2+ from the SR
  • Types of striated muscles:
    • Cardac muscle
    • Skeletal muscle
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5
Q

Chemical composition of muscle tissue

A
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6
Q

Types of striated muscle

What is the difference between striated and smooth muscle?

A
  • Striated muscle tissue have sarcomeres
  • Striated muscles are attached to some component of the skeleton
  • Striated muscle fibers have a cylindrical shape with blunt ends
    • Smooth muscles are spindle-like
  • Striated muscles have more mitochondria and contains cells that are multinucleated
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7
Q

Types of striated muscles

Classification of muscle fibers

A
  • Fast twithc fibers
    • Powerful contractions
    • Can cover energy needs by anaerobic glycolysis
    • White or phasic muscles
  • Slow twithc fibers
    • Sustained work
    • Gain energy only from glucose oxidation
    • Red or tonic muscles
  • Intermediate type
    • Pink
    • Fiber types are usually intermixed in mosed of the muscles
  1. ATPase type
    • ​​Speed of the ATPase activity
  2. SR pump
    • The activity of the ATPase must be followed by the removal of Ca2+
  3. Junction / fiber
    • ​Myoneural junction in phasic fibers:
      • 1 : 1
      • Fiber : Nerve connection ratio
    • A motor nerve fiber splits in many branches
      • 25 : 1
      • Fiber : nerve ratio is normal
  4. T-system
    • ​​The development of a T-sytem can increase contractile speed
  5. Muscle AP / neural AP​​
  6. Contraction time
  7. Fatigue
  8. Fiber length
    • ​​The longer the fibers are in a muscle, the more efficient becomes the mechanical movement
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8
Q

Types of striated muscle

Training

A
  • Training: dynamic remodeling of muscles
  1. Hypertrophy
    • ​​The mass of induvidual fibers are increased (fiber hyperthrophy)
    • Increasen in actin and myosin filaments
    • Increase of energy producing enzyme systems
  2. Atrophy
    • During long periods of inactivity, muscle degradation can be seen
    • Some diseases leads to muscle atrophy
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9
Q

Types of striated muscles

What happens during remodeling of slow muscles?

A

Myoglobin content of fibers

Mitochondria

Oxidative enzyme content of mitochondria

Capillarization of the muscle

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10
Q

Energy sources of muscle functioning

Give the energy sources

A
  1. ATP
    • ​​Contraction and relaxation needs ATP
  2. Creatine-phosphate
    • ​​Provides energy reserve for short term
    • Intensive contraction
  3. Anaerobe glycolysis
    • ​​Energy source can be:
      • Glycogen
        • For fast movemet
        • Glycogenolysis
      • Glucose
        • Long term contraction
    • If more ATP is used than produced = oxygen debt
    • Accumulated lactic acid inhibits contraction at sarcomere level
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation
    • Long term muscle activity
    • Red muscles
    • Pyruvate is transformed to AcCoA
    • ATP resynthesis is slow, and contraction is slow
      • Therefore the consumption of ATP is not more than the production
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11
Q

Oxygen debt

A
  • Muscles that cover most of their energy needs by anaerobic glycolysis during their active functioning resynthesize previously depleted energy stores in rest:
    • In this phase resynthesis is going under aerobic conditions
    • Oxygen consumption ↑
  • Stores used up by anaerobic mechanisms are resynthesized during rest:
    • Muscle can replenish glycogen, creatine-phosphate, etc., by oxygen consumption
  • If more ATP is used than produced = oxygen debt
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