Topic 75 - Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors

Question 1

Words to include in general about hypothalamus

Answer 1

• Hypothalamus
• Highest cerebral integrator
• Autonomic functions
• Neural activity
• Hormonal activity
• Mangocellular area
  
  1. Supraoptic nucleus
  2. Paraventricular nucleus
  • Oxytocin
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin)
  • Axon
  • Appendix of the hypothalamus
• Parvocellular area
  
  1. Ventromedial nucleus
  2. Dorsomedial nucleus
  3. Infundibular nucleus
  • Liberin (releasing)
  • Statin (inhibiting)
  • Axon
  • Portal circulation
  • Vascular system
• Axon transport
  
  • Kinesin
  • Dynein
  • Soma
  • Synapse
  • Coupling proteins
  • Neurosecretum complex

Question 2

Words to include in hypothalamic releasing factors

Answer 2

• Hypophyseotropic hormones
• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary gland
• Portal circulation
• Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
  
  • TSH+
• Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRF)
  
  • ACTH+
  • MSH
  • Opiates
  • POMC (splitting)
• Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
  
  • FSH+
  • LH+
• Growth hormone releasing factor (GRF)
  
  • GH+
• Prolactin releasing factor (PRF)
  
  • PRL+ (lactation)
• Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MRF)
  
  • MSH
  • Dopamine ÷
  • Somatosin ÷
  • GABA ÷
  • VIP ÷

Question 3

Words to include in hypothalamic inhibiting factors

Answer 3

• Parvocellular inhibiting factors (hormones)
• Dopamine
  
  • TRH ÷
  • PRL ÷
• Growth hormone inhibiting factor / somatostatin (GIH)
  
  • GH ÷
• PIF = dopamine
  
  • PRL ÷
• Melanostatin (MIF)
  
  • GH +
• Gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA)
• Norepinephrine / noradrenaline (NE)

Question 4

Words to include in other factors

Answer 4

• VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)
• Serotonin
• Galanin
• Angiotensin II
• Bombesin
• Substance-P

Question 5

General about hypothalamus

Answer 5

• Hypothalamus is the highest cerebral integrator of autonomic functions and it synchronizes neural and hormonal activity
• Hypothalamus can be divided into two areas:
  1. Magnocellular area
     
     • Can further be divided into:
       
       1. Supraoptic nucleus
       2. Paraventricular nucleus
     • Responsible for production of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin)
  2. ​Parvocellular area
     • Can further be divided into:
       
       • Ventromedial nucleus
       • Dorsomedial nucleus
       • Infundibular nucleus
     • Produces releasing (liberin) or inhibiting (statin) substances

Question 6

Molecular basis of axon transport

Answer 6

• Kinesin is transported from soma to synapse, and dynein go from synapse to soma
• Two motor proteins transport molecules and vesicles along structural protein by utilization of ATP
• Coupling proteins are often needed to assure transport

Question 7

Releasing factors

Answer 7

Hypophyseotropic (acting on the pituitary gland) hormones are factors, produced in hypothalamus, reach pituitary gland via the portal circulation

Question 8

Inhibiting factors

Answer 8

Parvocellular inhibiting factors (hormones)

Question 9

Other factors

Answer 9