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Physiology final exam > Topic 8 - Human and animal blood groups > Flashcards

Topic 8 - Human and animal blood groups Flashcards

1
Q

Words to include

A
  • Antigens
    • Surface of blood cells
    • Proteins
    • Lipids
    • Carbohydrates
  • Genetic code
    • Antigens encoded on the same locus
  • Antibodies
    • Circulate in plasma
    • Agglutinate
  • Henagglutination
    • On the surface of RBC forming antigen
    • Blood-agglutinating-antibody
    • Blood group gene
      • Blood group
    • Natural hemaggutinins
      • Antibodies present
      • Previous immunization (ø)
      • Correspronding antigens
    • Artficial hemagglutinins
      • Antibody
      • After previous immunization
      • Immunization
        • Natural -Rh
        • Artificial
    • Heterohemagglutinins
      • Agglutinates RBC
      • Other species
    • Isohemagglutinins
      • Agglutnates RBC
      • Same species
  • Formation of hemagglutinis
    • Early immunization postbatelly
      • Sensibilization

Agglutination - hemolysis

  • Agglutination
    • Humans
  • Hemolysis
    • Animals
  • Incopatible transfusion

Biochemical polymorphism

  • Cattle transferrin polymorphism
  • Production traits

Human blood groups

  • 15 blood groups
    • AB0
      • A antigen
        • N-acetyl-galactose-amine transferase enzyme
      • B
        • Galactosyl-transferase enzyme
      • AB
      • 0 (no additional groups)
    • Rh
    • MNSs
    • P
    • Lutheran
    • Kell
    • Duffy
    • Kidd
  • Incompatibillity
  • H antigen
  • H gene
  • AB0
    • IgM type antibodies
      • IgM type hemagglutinins
      • Red blood cells
      • Antibody
      • Agglutination
    • AB0 type reactions
      • Serum containing specific antibodies directed against the antigens
  • Rh blood groups
    • First pregnancy
      • Rh negative mother
      • Rh positive father
      • Rh positive fetus
      • IgM-type (ø)
      • IgG-type
    • Second pregnancy
      • Rh negative mother
      • Rh positive father
      • Rh positive fetus
      • Anti-Rh (IgG) antiboides
      • Yellow jaudice
      • Erythroblastosis foetalis
        • Hemolysis
  • Rh-incompatibility
    • Rh-negative recipient
      • Immunized
      • Forming IgG antibody
    • Rh-positive donor
    • Anti-Rh antibody

Animal blood groups

  • Naturally formed antibodies (ø)
  • Hemolyzing
  • Agglutinating character
  • Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
  • Interspecies blood groups systems
    • Cattle: 13 systems
    • Sheep: 8 systems
    • Horse: 8 systems
    • Swine: 15 systems
    • Dog: 12 systems
    • Cat: 1 system
  • Parentage testing
    • Twins are chimerase
  • Production traits
    • Cattle
      • B system → production of milk lipids
    • Swine
      • H blood type
      • PHI gene
      • Stress senitivity
    • Sheep
      • 0 blood type
      • L antigen
      • Serum phospahte level
      • RBC potassium level ↓
  • Blood transfusion
    • Large animals
      • Naturally occuring antibodies (ø)
    • Small animals
      • Three drop test
        • Donor blood cells
        • Recipient plasma
        • Physological sodium chloride solution
      • Hemolysis (ø)
      • Agglutination (ø)
  • Hemolytic illnesses of the newborn
    • Horse, swine
      • Rh like antigen
      • Postnatally problem
      • Epitheliochorial placenta
      • Colostrum
        • Immunoglobulins
      • Hemolysis
      • Neonatal jaudice
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2
Q

What are blood groups?

A
  • Blood groups are complex antigens appearing on the surface of the blood cells
    • ​These antigens are glycoproteids and glycolipids
  • Contains:
    • Proteins
    • Lipids
    • Carbohydrates
  • Their appearance is ensured by a known genetic code
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3
Q

What are blood-type system?

A

Blood-type system is a group of antigens encoded on the same locus

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4
Q

Hemagglutination

A
  • Hemagglutinations:
    • ​Compounds on the surface of the RBC forming antigens
    • Substances initiating the production of the blood-agglutnating-antibody
  • Natural hemagglutinins
    • ​Antibodies are present without previous immunization
    • Agglutinate the RBC of animals expressing corresponding antigens
  • Artificial hemagglutinins
    • ​Antibodies form after previous immunization
    • Immunization can be:
      • Natural - Rh
      • Artificial
  • Heterohemagglutinins
    • ​Agglutinates RBCs of other species
  • Isohemagglutinins
    • ​Agglutinates RBCs of same species
  • Formation of hemagglutinins
    • Early immunization postnatally
      • Sensibilization
    • Antibodies are not present in newborn
    • Antibody titer is constantly growing
    • Antibodies may disappear in elderly individuals
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5
Q

Agglutination - hemolysis

A
  • The reaction between the RBC and the plasma antibodies occurs in two basic forms:
    • Agglutination: Significant in humans
    • Hemolysis: More typical in animals
  • These two reactions occur together or alone

Figure: incompatible transfusion

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6
Q

Human blood groups

Name the different types of human blood groups

A
  • Humans have 15 different blood groups
  • The two most important: AB0 & Rh
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7
Q

Human blood groups

AB0

A
  • The H antigen encoded by the H gene forms the basic structure of the most important blood type system (AB0)
    • Because it is present in all humans, no antibodies are formed against it naturally
  • There are further groups synthesized on this universal antigen:
    • A, B and AB groups are formed
    • If there are no additional groups, the 0 group is formed
  • A antigen​:
    • ​N-acteyl-galactose-amine transferase forms the A blood group antigen
  • 0 antigen:
    • ​Suppresses the production of ​N-acteyl-galactose-amine transferase
    • Accordingly, no A or B blood groups is formed and the 0 group appears
  • B antigen:
    • _​_Galactosyl-transferase forms the B blood type antigen
  • IgM type antibodies:
    • ​The IgM type hemagglutinins form against such antigens entering the blood stream after birth if similar structures are not already present on the surface of the RBC
      • Reason: new-born baby continuously accepts antigens from the environment
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8
Q

Human blood groups

AB0: IgM type antibodies

A
  • ​The IgM type hemagglutinins form against such antigens entering the blood stream after birth if similar structures are not already present on the surface of the RBC
    • Reason: new-born baby continuously accepts antigens from the environment
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9
Q

Human blood groups

AB0: blood type reactions

A
  • The type of a RBC belonging to an unknown blood group can be determined by agglutination reaction
  • We have the blood cells bearing unknown A, B or AB antigens (or 0 type) react with a serum containing specific antibodies directed against the antigens
  • In case of incompatibility agglutination is seen, that can be used for determination of the blood cells’ antigen-type
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10
Q

Human blood groups

Rh blood group

A
  • Rh incompatibility:​
    • ​1st pregnancy:
      • Rh-negative mother can be immunized by the blood cells of her own Rh-positive fetus
      • Ther forming antibodi is IgG-type that crosses much easier the placenta
      • In case of the first fetus no damage occurs because the fetal RBC usually gets into the mother’s body only via micro-injuries during the delivery
    • 2nd pregnancy:
      • The small amount of RBC entering the mother’s sensitized immune system stimulates the production of anti-Rh (IgG) antibodies that (by getting back to the fetus after penetrating the placenta) dissolve the fetal RBC and a clinical pattern called erythroblastosis fetalis occurs
      • Causing yellow jaudice → death of the fetus
  • The other important case of Rh-incompatibility is when an Rh negative recipient gets RBC from a Rh positive donor. The Rh-negative recipient is immunized and the forming IgG antibody dissolves the red blood cells of the recipient. The second blood transfusion can cause significant damage
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11
Q

Animal blood groups

What is the difference between human and animal blood groups?

A
  • In most cases there are no naturally formed antibodies against the RBC-antigens of other individuals.
  • In many cases the blood type antigens appear in the plasma
  • Most of the time the artificially formed antibody has a hemolyzing and not an agglutinating characte
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12
Q

Animal blood groups

Blood type determination

A
  • Goal: Produce an antibody that only reacts with the C-blood type antigen
  • Problem: We have no specific antigen against the single C-group
  • Experiment:
    • Immunize the animal 2 with the 1’s washed RBC (A, B, C antigens)
    • In animal 2 only anti-B and C is produced
    • Washing it with B RBCs we remove anti-B
    • Remaining is the monovalent anti-C serum
  • RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) identifies individual DNA “fingerprints” and will probably soon substitute the former method explained
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13
Q

Animal blood groups

Give the number of blood group sytem with antigen in:

  1. Cattle
  2. Sheep
  3. Horse
  4. Swine
  5. Dog
  6. Cat
A
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14
Q

Animal blood groups

Parentage testing

A

Blood groups can be used for parentage testing and determining whether twins are chimeras or not

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15
Q

Animal blood groups

Production traits

A
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16
Q

Animal blood groups

blood transfusion

A
  • Large animals:
    • Due to the lack of naturally occurring antibodies:
      • A small amount is first transfused
      • If there is no sign of incompatibility the whole amount is transfused
  • Small animals:
    • Three drop test must be always completed:
      • 1 drop of donor blood cells
      • 1 drop of recipient plasma
      • 1 drop of physiological sodium chloride solution
    • If there is no hemolysis or agglutination, the transfusion can be completed without the complete knowledge about the blood groups
  • Dog blood can be given to dogs only by completing cross reaction tests
  • Dog blood can be given to cats in case of emergency without testing
  • Cat blood can be given to cats only by completing cross reaction tests
17
Q

Animal blood groups

Hemolytic illnesses of newborn

A
  • Horse and swine:
    • Rh like antigen
    • Problem formed only postnatally
    • Epitheliochorial placenta
    • Immunoglobulins absorbed from the colostrum
    • Symptoms:
      • Hemolysis
      • Neonatal jaundice
    • Solution:
      • Giving the newborn into nursing

Physiology final exam (111 decks)

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