Topic1 Osmotic Balance

Question 1

acidosis

Answer 1

lower than normal pH level, i.e. accumulation of acid in the body

Question 2

ADH

Answer 2

antidiuretic hormone, hypothalamic hormone, released from the neurohypophysis – increases water permeability in the collecting duct, thus decreasing urine volume

Question 3

aldosteron

Answer 3

steroid hormone of the adrenal gland – increases Na+ reabsorption in the kidney and at other places

Question 4

alkalosis

Answer 4

higher than normal pH level, i.e. accumulation of base in the body

Question 5

ANP

Answer 5

atrial natriuretic peptid – secreted in the atrium of the heart, it increases Na+ and urine discharge decreasing blood volume

Question 6

bilirubin

Answer 6

yellowish bile pigment produced by breakdown of heme

Question 7

clearance

Answer 7

a functional measure of the kidney function – the plasma volume that is (theoretically) fully cleared of a certain material per a unit of time in the kidneys

Question 8

cortical nephron

Answer 8

the most frequent nephron type located in the cortex of the kidney with short Henle’s loop

Question 9

diuresis

Answer 9

discharge of urine from the urinary bladder

Question 10

diuretics

Answer 10

drugs that increase the amount of urine and urination

Question 11

facultative reabsorption

Answer 11

controlled reuptake of certain elements of the primary urine (ultrafiltrate) in the distal kidney tubules and collecting duct according to the need of the organism

Question 12

GFR

Answer 12

(glomerular filtration rate) the amount of fluid filtrated per unit of time in the glomeruli of the kidneys

Question 13

glomerulus

Answer 13

the functional unit of the kidneys consisting of the Bowman-capsule and of a coiled capillary system

Question 14

Henle’s loop

Answer 14

a tubule connecting the proximal and the distal tubules in the kidneys

Question 15

juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

Answer 15

cell-group located in the angular area of the glomerulus and the tubules in the nephrons that produces renin (to regulate ionic milieu and fluid balance through the renin-angiotensin system)

Question 16

juxtamedullary nephron

Answer 16

nephron located close to the corticomedullary border in the kidney, with long Henle’s loop descending deep in the renal medulla

Question 17

nephron – functional and anatomical unit of the kidneys; its parts are the glomerulus, proximal- and distal tubules, Henle’s loop and collecting duct

Answer 17

functional and anatomical unit of the kidneys; its parts are the glomerulus, proximal- and distal tubules, Henle’s loop and collecting duct

Question 18

obligate reabsorption

Answer 18

the compulsory reabsorption under any circumstances of a portion of some materials (e.g. water, sodium, glucose) in the proximal tubule of the nephron

Question 19

podocyte

Answer 19

epithelial cell type in the Bowman’s capsule attached to the basal membrane of the glomerulus – filtrate passes between its footlike processes into the tubules of the nephron

Question 20

RBF

Answer 20

(renal blood flow), the amount of blood flowing through the kidneys per unit of time

Question 21

reabsorption

Answer 21

backward transport of some ultrafiltrated materials from the tubules to the blood vessels in the kidneys

Question 22

renin

Answer 22

peptid hormone (protease) released by the juxtaglomerular apparatus – transforms angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

Question 23

RPF

Answer 23

(renal plasma flow), the amount of blood plasma flowing through the kidneys per unit of time

Question 24

tubular maximum

Answer 24

a rate limit of transport proteins (maximal transport capacity) in the kidney tubules above which only a portion of the given material is reabsorbed (e.g. glucose in the proximal tubule)

Question 25

tubule (proximal, distal)

Answer 25

small tubes leading from the glomerulus to the collecting duct in the nephron

Question 26

ultrafiltration

Answer 26

filtration in the glomeruli of the kidneys in which water and small organic and inorganic compounds pass the membranes from the plasma to the proximal tubule whereas colloid particles and cells remain unfiltered

Question 27

urea

Answer 27

nitrogen containing compound actively eliminated by the kidneys; the main way to eliminate excess nitrogen