Tumour Pathology 3 Flashcards
What are the local effects of benign and malignant tumours?
Pressure
Obstruction
Tissue destruction - ulceration (breakdown of tissue)/infection
Bleeding (destruction of blood vessels)- leads to anaemia (slow chronic loss of blood from capillary vessels) and haemorrhage - single large vessel damaged - major loss of blood
Pain - pressure on nerves, perineural infiltration (in the area surrounding nerves), bone pain from pathological fractures (because benign tumour in bone weakens the structural integrity)
Effects of treatment
What is the symptom of anaemia?
Tiredness
What are the systemic effects of malignant tumours
Secretion of hormones - abnormal or normal
Weight loss- cachexia
Paraneoplasmic syndromes
Effects of treatment
What is normal hormone production by tumours?
Produced by tumours of endocrine organ - abnormal control of hormone
What is abnormal hormone production by tumours?
Produced by a tumour from an organ that does not normally produce that hormone
What is an abnormal hormone secretion by the lung cancer?
ADH
What are paraneoplasmic syndromes?
Cannot be explained by local metastatic effects of tumours
Why is the early detection of cancer important?
Reduce morbidity/mortality
To try and detect the cancer before invasion occurs
What is dysplasia?
It is a pre-malignant change, it is the earliest change in the process of malignancy that can be visualised
Where is dysplasia found?
In the epithelium, there is no invasion but can progress to cancer
What are the features of dysplasia?
Disorganisation of cells (Increased nuclear size, mitotic activity and abnormal mitoses)
Grading exists - high grade and low grade
As soon as invasion is present, dysplasia is known as?
Cancer
What is the cervical cancer screening used to reduce?
Incidence of the squamous carcinoma of the cervix
What is the cervical cancer screening used to detect?
Dysplastic cells from squamous epithelium of cervix
What is a polyp
a description of a grape like structure
