Part Position:
Part Position:
- the position of the body part being exposed
Ex: on a Cervical Flexion view the head is in complete Flexion
Central Ray (CR)
Central Ray (CR):
- the center of a radio graphic beam
- will be demonstrated by a shadow created by the collimating light when positioning a patient
Patient Position:
Patient Position:
- the postural attitude of the patient’s body during the exposure of the film
Ex: recumbent, seated, standing - most chiropractic films are weight bearing (standing or seated)
- in the case of extremes obesity, recumbent positioning displaces adipose tissue
Tube:
Tube:
- the portion of the machine where x-Ray radiation is produced and directed towards the patient
Tube Tilt:
Tube Tilt:
- the angle of the x-ray machine tube
Tube / Film Distance:
Tube / Film Distance:
- AKA Focal/Film Distance
- distance between the tube and the film
BUCKY:
BUCKY:
- the portion of the x-ray machine which houses the grid and the cassette will be placed during the exposure of a film
CASSETTE:
CASSETTE:
- a light-tight box (casing)
- allows unexposed film to be in a lighted room unaffected
COLLIMATION:
COLLIMATION:
- a mechanism (inside the tube) utilized to limit the exposure field
- required to be seen on the film in some states
CEPHALAD:
CEPHALAD:
- towards the head or I-S (inferior to superior)
CAUDAL
CAUDAL:
- towards the feet or S-I (superior to inferior)
DISTAL:
DISTAL:
- towards the periphery of the body
PROXIMAL:
PROXIMAL:
- towards the center of the body
LATERAL:
LATERAL:
- towards the right or left side of the body
Medial:
Medial:
- towards the midline of the body
Flexion:
Flexion:
- angle of body parts is decreased
Extension:
Extension:
- angle of body parts is increased
MARKERS
Single Letter Markers:
Single Letter Markers:
- the single letter marker indicates the patient’s appropriate side of the body part closest to the film during exposure
Multiple Letter Markers:
Multiple Letter Markers:
- the marker will indicate the body part closest to the film during the exposure.
Ex: RAO, RPO
Placement of Marker:
Placement of Marker:
- never obstruct any anatomical structure with a marker
- carefully place markers so that they are not COLLIMATION out of the exposed area of the film
- DO NOT PLACE MARKERS IN AREA OF NAMEPLATE
Mitchell Markers:
Mitchell Markers:
- markers with Mercury Balls inside a small dome or bubble
- when the BUCKY is upright the balls will be located at the BOTTOM of the dome
- when the BUCKY is PARALLEL to the FLOOR, the balls will be CENTRALLY located
CERVICAL VIEWS
Lateral Cervical View:
Lateral Cervical View:
CR: Left to Right OR Right to Left (doctor’s choice except for Scoliosis)
Patient Position: patient’s Coronal Plane is PERPENDICULAR to the BUCKY
TUBE TILT: NONE (some techniques will be taken with a tube tilt for chiropractic purposes)
Lateral Cervical View: (continued)
Lateral Cervical View: (continued)
- DEMONSTRATES: body heights & body widths
- disc height
- cervical curve
- ADI (less than 3mm for adults, less than 5mm for children)
Lateral Cervical View (demonstrates continued 2)
Lateral Cervical View (demonstrates continued 2):
- sella turcica (AP normal range 5-16 mm, average 11 mm)
(SI normal range 4-12 mm, average 8 mm) - prevertebral soft tissue:
- RetroPHARYNGEAL Interspace at C1-C3
- RetroLARYNGEAL Interspace C4-C5
- RetroTRACHEAL Interspace C6-C7
Airways:
- Pharynx C1-C3 - Larynx C4-C5 - Trachea C6-C7
AnteroPosterior Cervical View
AnteroPosterior Cervical View:
- aka Lower Cervical View
- CR: anterior to posterior
- PATIENT POSITION: patient’s Coronal plane is Parallel to the BUCKY with the MidSagittal plane aligned with the Vertical Midline of the BUCKY
AnteroPosterior Cervical View:
AnteroPosterior Cervical View:
- Tube Tilt: 15 degrees CEPHALAD
- Demonstrates:
- Joints of Luschka
- Bony structures
- Soft tissue (trachea in the midline)
- Air space (Apex of the Lungs)
AnteroPosterior Open Mouth View:
AnteroPosterior Open Mouth View:
- CR: Anterior to Posterior
- Patient Position: patient’s Coronal plane is Parallel to BUCKY w/ patient’s MidSagittal plane aligned w/ vertical midline of the BUCKY.
- Patient’s mouth is open and the head is extended 15 degrees (with CR Parallel to the floor)
- or hard palate is Parallel to the floor (with CR Cephalad 15 degrees)
DEMONSTRATES:
- Atlas
- Axis
- Joint spaces
A-P Open Mouth (continued):
A-P Open Mouth (continued):
- Tube Tilt: Parallel to floor if head is extended
- 15 degrees Cephalad if head is Parallel to the floor - DEMONSTRATES:
- Atlas
- Axis
- Atlanto-Occipital Joint
- Atlanto-Axial Joint
Flexion and Extension Views:
Flexion and Extension Views:
- CR: Left to Right OR Right to Left
- Patient Position: the patient’s Coronal plane is Perpendicular to BUCKY with full Flexion or full Extension of the Head
- Tube Tilt: NONE
- Demonstrates:
- ADI (should not deviate more than 1 mm from neutral lateral view)
- Cervical curve
- Mobility of Cervical spine
Cervical Obliques:
Cervical Obliques:
- CR: Anterior Obliques
- Posterior to Anterior - CR: Posterior Obliques
- Anterior to Posterior - Patient Position: the patient’s Coronal plane is angled 45 degrees to the BUCKY
- Tube Tilt:
Anterior: Cephalad
Posterior: Caudal - DEMONSTRATES:
IVFs
THORACIC VIEWS
AnteroPosterior Thoracic:
AnteroPosterior Thoracic:
- CR: Anterior to Posterior
- Patient position: patient is Upright w/ their Coronal plane Parallel to the BUCKY (patient will be x-rayed Supine if they are extremely Obese)
- Tube Tilt: NONE
- DEMONSTRATES:
- Thoracic spine
- Ribs
- Lung Fields
- Sternum
Lateral Thoracic:
Lateral Thoracic:
- CR: Left to Right OR Right to Left
- Patient Position: the patient’s Coronal Plane is Perpendicular to the BUCKY
- Tube Tilt: NONE
- DEMONSTRATES:
- Thoracic Spine
- Ribs
- Lung Fields
- Heart Shadow
Lateral CervicoThoracic:
Lateral CervicoThoracic:
- aka Swimmer's View - CR: Obliquely Left to Right OR Obliquely Right to Left - Patient Position: patient's Coronal plane is Rotated 10-20 degrees off of Perpendicular to the BUCKY with the arm next to the BUCKY Flexed and the Arm next to the Tube Extended
Swimmer’s View (continued)
Swimmer’s View (continued)
- Tube Tilt: Caudal 5 degrees
- DEMONSTRATES:
- Lower Cervical Spine
- Upper Thoracic Spine - ONLY taken when these items are NOT Visible on routine Lateral Cervical View
LUMBAR VIEWS