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Organ histology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissue

A

Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscle

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2
Q

What are the general functions of epithelium

A

Absorption
Secretion
Protectoin

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3
Q

What are the basic characteristics of epithelium

A

1) Cells are adjacent to each other
2 )Assiciated with a complete or partial basement membrane
3) Avascular
4) Associated with vascular connective tissue

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4
Q

What are the functions of the basement membrane

A

Surface for attachemtn
Molecular filter
Limits stretching
directs migration of cell

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5
Q

How to epithelial cells get nutrition

A

Diffusion

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6
Q

Why is epithelial tissue associated with Vascular connective tissue

A

To get nutrition

for a source of defensive cells

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7
Q

What holds cells together

A

Cell junctions

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8
Q

What are the types of cell junctions

A

Zonula Occludens
Zonula Adherens
Macula Adherens
Gap Junctions

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9
Q

What are Zonula Occludens

A

Junction that allows for intrinsic membrane proteins between cells

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10
Q

What are the functions of Zonula Occludens

A

Provide strong attachment

Prevents passage of material between cells

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11
Q

What is the function of Zonula Adherens

A

Strong attachment

Provide cell structural stability

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12
Q

What are the regions of a zonula Adherens

A 
Cadherins (linkage)
Marginal bands (attach cytoskeleton to cell membrane)
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13
Q

What is the function of Macula Adherens

A

Provide strong attachment

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14
Q

What is the function of a gap junction

A

Strong attachment

Transport materials between cells

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15
Q

What makes up a gap junction

A

6 connexins (proteins) arranged in a cylinder

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16
Q

What is the order of structures that make up a Junctional complex

A

Zonula Occludens
Zonula Adherens
Macula Adherens

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17
Q

What do Hemidesmosomes do

A

Connect epithelial cells to the basal lamina

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18
Q

What are focal point contacts

A

Integrin binds to a structural Connective tissue glycoproteins and also connects to cytoskeleton

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19
Q

What is Bullous Pemphgoid

A

Autoimmune skin disease causing blistering lesions

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20
Q

What causes Bullous pemphgoid

A

Antibodies bind to proteins in hemidesmosomes

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21
Q

What is Pemphigus Vulgaris

A

An autoimmune disease causeing blisters that do NOT heal, can be fatal (bleeding)

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22
Q

What causes Pemphigus vulgaris

A

Antibodies bind to some parts of desmosomes

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23
Q

What is Cholera

A

Bacterial infection of small intestines

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24
Q

What causes Cholera

A

Toxins disrupt zonula occludens, allows for water + electrolytes loss from connective tissue below epithelium

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25
Q

What are the types of epithelium

A

Simple epithelium

Stratified Epithelium

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26
Q

What are the types of Simple Epithelium

A

Simple Squamous
Simple Cuboidal
Simple Columnar
Ciliate pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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27
Q

Where are Simple Squamous cells found

A

Lungs
Kidney
Serosa

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28
Q

What is the function of Simple Squamous

A

Absorption/diffusion

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29
Q

Where can you find Simple cuboidal cells

A

Exocrine ducts

Kidney tubules

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30
Q

What are the different cell types of Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Goblet cells
Ciliated Columnar cells
Basal cells

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31
Q

What is the function of Goblet cells

A

Produce mucus

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32
Q

What type of cell has varying heights and have the appearance of stratified epithelium

A

Ciliated Pseudostratified epithelium

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33
Q

What is the function of Ciliated columnar cells

A

Move mucus over cells

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34
Q

What is the function of basal cells

A

The be the stem cell for the epithelium

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35
Q

What are the different surface specializations of epithelium

A

Microvilli
Sterocilia
Cilia
Glycocalyx

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36
Q

What is the function of microvili

A

Increase SA + Absorption

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37
Q

What is the function of Sterocilia

A

Increase SA

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38
Q

What is the function of Cilia

A

Move something over a surface

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39
Q

What is the difference between Sterocilia and Cilia

A

Sterocilia are rigid with an actin core and cant move

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40
Q

What block the free surface of epithelium from absoption or secreting

A

Basal bodies

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41
Q

What is the layer of glycoproteins and carbohydrates that cover some epithelium

A

GLycocalyx

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42
Q

What is the function of the glycocalyx

A

Protection

Cell recognition

43
Q

What are the types of Stratified Epithelium

A 
Stratified Squamous
Keratinized Stratified Squamous
Stratified Cuboidal
Stratified Columnar
Transitional
44
Q

What is the function of Stratified Squamous

A

Protection from Friction

45
Q

What is the problem with Stratified squamous epithelium

A

No protection from drying

limited thickness due to distance from capillaries

46
Q

What are the layers of Keratinized stratified epithelium

A 
Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Ganulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum
47
Q

What layer of Keratinized Stratified epithelium has keratinocytes

A

Stratum Basal
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum

48
Q

What layer of Keratinized stratified epithelium is only on thick skin

A

Stratum Lucidum

49
Q

Which layer of Keratinized Stratified Epithelium prevents Water loss, provides a barrier

A

Stratum Corneum

50
Q

How long does the average Keratinized stratified epithelium live

A

28 days

51
Q

What cell protects us from UV radiation

A

Melanocytes

52
Q

What is the darker from of melanin called

A

Eumelanin

53
Q

What is the lighter form of Melanin called

A

Pheomelanin

54
Q

What destroys melanin

A

Lysosomes

55
Q

What is skin colour influenced by

A

Environment
Genetics
Number of blood vessels

56
Q

What cell recognize and process foreign antigens in the stratum spinosum

A

Langerhans cells

57
Q

What cell provide touch receptors

A

Merkel cells

58
Q

Where are merkel cell found

A

Stratum Basal

59
Q

What cells increase due to UV exposure and what cells decrease due to UV exposure

A

Increase with UV= Melancytes

Decrease with UV = Langerhans cells

60
Q

Where are Stratified Cuboidal cells found

A

Larger ducts in sweat glands, salivary galnds

61
Q

What are the functions of Stratified cuboidal

A

Increase Protection

Provide barrier

62
Q

Where are Stratified Columnar cells found

A

Large ducts in pancreas, urethra, conjunctiva of eye

63
Q

What are the functions of Stratified columnar

A

Increase protection
Provide transition between epithelial types
Provide a barrier

64
Q

Where would you find Transitional epithelium

A

The urinary tract

65
Q

What are the functions of Transitional epithelium

A

Protection
Stretch
Barrier

66
Q

Transitional epithelium have well developed ______

A

Zonula Occludens (tight junction)

67
Q

What unusual feature do the superficial cells of Transitional epithelium have

A

Some are bi-nucleated

68
Q

What is psoriasis vulgaris

A

Patch skin lesions

69
Q

What causes Psoriasis Vulgaris

A

Accelerated Keratinocyte life cycle

70
Q

Were do cells accumulate in Psoriasis Vulgaris

A

Stratium Corneum

71
Q

Where is inflammation of Psoriasis vulgaris

A

Inflammation in dermal papillae

72
Q

What are freckles

A

Spots of extra pigment due to increased melanin but not melanocyts

73
Q

What is Vitiligo

A

Patches with lack of melanocytes

74
Q

What causes moles

A

Proliferation of melancytes

75
Q

What is caused when melanocytes fail to produce melanin

A

Albinism

76
Q

What is the most common form of albinism

A

Tyrosinase is missing from melanocytes (cant convert tyrosine to melanin

77
Q

What is the method of secretion by which the product is released into a duct or directly onto an epithelial surface

A

Exocrine secretion

78
Q

What is a parenchyma

A

Components that are directly involved with the primary function (ex bicep and muscle cell)

79
Q

What is a stroma

A

Components providing mechanical/metabolic support ie, nerves, blood vessels, lymph

80
Q

What are the morphological ways to class and exocrin gland

A

Secretory units: Tubular vs Acinar

Duct Arrangments: Unbranched vs branched

81
Q

What is the most common method of exocrine gland secretion

A

Merocrine = Exocytosis (no cell damage)

82
Q

What is an example of a merocrine gland

A

Goblet cells
Salivary glands
Pancrease
Sweat glands

83
Q

What is the other type of exocrine secretion

A

Holocrine = Cell matures and dies to release product

84
Q

What type of exocrine secretion is associated with odour

A

Holocrine

85
Q

What is an example of a holocrine gland

A

Sebaceous glands

Tarsal glands of eyelid

86
Q

What type of secretion causes minimal cell damage, has come cytoplasm and membranes, associated with orour

A

Apocrine gland

87
Q

What is an example of aopcrine gland secretions

A

Lactating mammary glands
some adult sweat glands
External auditory canal
Ciliary glands in eyelid

88
Q

What are the different types of secretions of exocrine glands

A

Merocrine
Holocrine
Apocrine

89
Q

What is the smallest division of a gland

A

Acinus

90
Q

What is a small group of serous cells attached to a mucus acinus

A

Serous Demilune

91
Q

What is a contractile cells with epithelial origin

A

Myoeputhelial cells

92
Q

Where are Myoepithelial cells found

A

Salivary glands
Sweat glands
Lacrimal glands

93
Q

What do serous glands produce

A

Serous fluid

94
Q

What are the characteristics of a serous gland

A

Cell are trapazoid shaped
Nucleus is round + noticeable
Cells pick up stain

95
Q

What is an example of a serous gland

A

Pancrease
Parotid gland
Cheif cells in stomach

96
Q

What does a mucus gland produce

A

Mucus

97
Q

What are the characteristics of a Mucus gland

A

Cell stain light

Nucleus is flat + peripheral

98
Q

What are some mucus glands

A

Goblet cells

Minor salivary glands of tongue

99
Q

What do mixed glands produce

A

Serous + mucus

100
Q

What are examples of mixed glands

A

Sublingual gland

Submandibular gland

101
Q

What is a paracrine secretion

A

Signaling cell is close to target cell (hormone doesn’t enter blood)

102
Q

What is Autocrine secretion

A

Signaling cell is its own target

103
Q

What regulate endocrine secretions

A

Hormonal (-/+ feedback)

Autonomic NS

Organ histology (8 decks)

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