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Organ histology > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What comprises large particles in the respiratory filtration system

A

Bugs, fingers, things nerves can sense

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2
Q

What comprises medium particles in the respiratory filtration system

A

Dust pollen

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3
Q

What comprises small particles in the respiratory filtration system

A

Bacteria

Viruses

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4
Q

What type of surface epithelium is in the nasal vestibule

A

Keratinized stratified squamous

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5
Q

What glands are located in the nasal vestibule

A

Sebaceous and sweat glands

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6
Q

What filters out large particles and is located in the nasal vestibule

A

Vibrissae (hairs)

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7
Q

What is located between limen nasi and the superior and middle nasal concha

A

Respiratory region

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8
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the respiratory region

A

Respiratory epithelium

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9
Q

What cells are responsible for the mucocillary apparatus

A

Goblet cells

Ciliated columnar cells

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10
Q

What size particles are filtered out with the mucocilliary apparatus

A

Medium particles

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11
Q

What is the function of the respiratory region

A

Warm air
Clean air
Humidify air
Provide defense

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12
Q

What glands are located in the lamina propria

A

Seromucus glands

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13
Q

What is the mucus portion of the seromucus glands responsible for

A

Mucosiliary clearance

Air humidity

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14
Q

What is the serous portion of the seromucus glands responsible for

A

Small particle filtering (kills bacteria and viruses)

Air humidity

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15
Q

Where is the cavernous plexus located

A

In the lamina propria

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16
Q

What is the function of the cavernous plexus

A

Warm air
Humidify air
provide defense

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17
Q

What part of the lamina propria is responsible for runny and stuffy noses

A

Cavernous plexus

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18
Q

What type of surface epithelium is in the olfactory region

A

Olfactory epithelium

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19
Q

What glands clense olfactory cilia

A

Olfactory/bowmans glands

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20
Q

What type of epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses

A

Respiratory epithelium

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21
Q

What happens if the Lamina propria swells in the paranasal sinuses

A

Blocks Ostia and can lead to sinus infection

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22
Q

What is the superior portion of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx

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23
Q

What is the middle portion of the pharynx

A

Oropharynx

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24
Q

What is the inferior portion of the pharynx

A

Laryngopharynx

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25
Q

What type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx

A

Respiratory epithelium

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26
Q

What epithelium lines the oropharynx

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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27
Q

What epithelium lines the laryngopharynx

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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28
Q

What is special about the tonsils of the oropharynx

A

They have crypts

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29
Q

What tonsils have crypts

A

Palatine

lingual tonsils

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30
Q

Is there a muscularis mucosa in the pharynx

A

no

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31
Q

What makes up the submucosa of the pharynx

A

Pharyngobasilar fascia

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32
Q

What is the function of the submucuosa of the pharynx

A

Add support

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33
Q

What is the pattern of muscle in the muscularis externa

A

Longitudinal inner muscular layer

Circular muscular outter layer

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34
Q

What kind of muscle is in the muscularis externa

A

Skeletal muscle

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35
Q

Where can you also find the same pattern of muscle layers found in the muscularis externa

A

Ureters

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36
Q

What is found between pharynx and trachea

A

Larynx

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37
Q

What is the function of the cartilage in the wall of the larynx

A

Open airway

Sound production

38
Q

What type of cartilage makes up the epiglottis

A

Elastic cartilage

39
Q

What type of epithelium covers the upper surface of the epiglottis

A

Stratified squamous

40
Q

What type of epithelium covers the lower surface of the epiglottis

A

Transitional to respiratory

41
Q

What type of epithelium lines the vestibular folds

A

Respiratory epithelium

42
Q

What type of epithelium lines the laryngeal ventricle

A

Stratified squamous

43
Q

What type of epithelium lines the vocal folds

A

Stratified squamous

44
Q

Why are the vocal folds covered in stratified squamous epithelium

A

To prevent drying damage from air passing over it

45
Q

What is special about the lamina propria of the vocal folds

A

It is made of dense regular elastic CT, and supports the vocal folds

46
Q

What muscle adducts to narrow the rima glottidis

A

Vocalis muscle

47
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the mucosa of the trachea

A

Respiratory epithelium

48
Q

What cells types are most common in the mucosa of the trachea

A

Goblet cells
Ciliated columnar cells
Basal cells

49
Q

What special cells in the mucosa of the trachea influence other cells in respiratory epithelium

A

DNES cells

50
Q

What type of cartilage is in the submucosa of the trachea

A

Hyaline cartilage C rings

51
Q

What type of muscle is in the musculars externa of the trachea

A

Smooth muscle

52
Q

Where is the musculars externa of the trachea located

A

On the back of the C rings

53
Q

What is the outer covering of the trachea

A

Advintitia

54
Q

As bronchi branch what is the trend in the amount of cartilage

A

Decrease

55
Q

As bronchi branch what is the trend in the amount of glands

A

Decrease

56
Q

As bronchi branch what is the trend in the amount of goblet cells

A

Decrease

57
Q

As bronchi branch what is the trend in Smooth muscle and Elastic CT

A

Increase

58
Q

What are Extrapulmonary bronchi

A

Primary bronchi

59
Q

What is intrapulmonary bronchi

A

Secondary and tertiary bronchi

60
Q

Compared to bronchi what do bronchioles lack

A

Cartilage

Seromucus glands

61
Q

What is problematic in asthmatics

A

Bronchioles have no cartilage and a complete layer of smooth muscle (means they can close off completely)

62
Q

What are the special stem cells found in bronchioles

A

Clara cells

63
Q

What do clara cells produce

A

Surfactant like material

64
Q

What type of epithelium do Terminal bronchioles have

A

Simple columnar with clara cells

65
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle do terminal bronchioles have

A

1-2

66
Q

What type of CT is found in terminal bronchioles

A

Fibroelastic CT

67
Q

What is the difference between terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles

A

Respiratory bronchioles = Simple squamous epithelium

Terminal bronchioles = Simple columnar

68
Q

What is the first area in the respiratory system that gas exchange is possible

A

The respiratory bronchioles

69
Q

What are the most common cell types in alveoli

A 
Alveolar type 1 cells
Alveolar type 2 cell
Alveolar macrophages (dust cell)
70
Q

What is the function of alveolar type 1 cells

A

Gas exchange

71
Q

What is special about Alveolar type 1 cell epithelium

A

Squmous with zonula occludens

72
Q

What type of epithelium do alveolar type 2 cells have

A

Cubiodal

73
Q

What are the function of Alveolar type 2 cells

A

Stem cells
Produce surfactant
Produce lysozyme

74
Q

What do Dust cells develop from

A

Monocytes

75
Q

What is the job of dust cells

A

Clean septal walls via phagocytosis

76
Q

What is the region between two alveoli called

A

Interalveolar septum

77
Q

What is found in the interalveolar septum

A

Capillaries

Fibroblasts

78
Q

What is the region where oxygen and CO2 pass between air and blood

A

Blood-gas barrier

79
Q

What is the passage form air to blood (in order)

A

Surfactant
Alveolar type 1
Basal lamina
Endothelia cells of capillary

80
Q

Which type of alveolar cells appear to synapse with nerve fibers

A

Alveolar type 2

81
Q

What is the cause of respiratory distress of the newborn (RDS)

A

Too few mature alveolar type 2 cells

82
Q

How do you treat RDS

A

Artifical surfactant

Glucocorticoids to induce surfactant

83
Q

Chronic exposure to irritants in the upper respiratory tract may cause one to develop patches of ______ instead of respiratory epithelium. This is known as?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

Metaplasia

84
Q

what is meteplasia

A

Conversion of one tissue type to another

85
Q

What results from emphyseam

A

Decreased elastin in alveoli

Reduced gas exchange surface

86
Q

What causes emphyseam

A

Inflammation from irritants

Genetics

87
Q

What is normally released from Macrophages and neutorphils at battle sites

A

Elastase

88
Q

What protein in avleoli will prevent the action of elastase

A

Alpha 1 antitripsin

89
Q

What cells produce alpha 1 antitripsin

A

hepatocytes

90
Q

What inactivates alpha 1 antitripsin (causes inflammatory emphysema)

A

Free radicals in cigarette smoke

91
Q

What is going on in genetic emphyseam

A

Hepatocytes produce but can’t release alpha 1 antitripsin

Organ histology (8 decks)

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