What doe the excretory passages of the kidneys include
- Minor calyces
- Major calyces
- Renal pelvis
- Two ureters
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
Kidneys are paired ______ organs
Retroperitoneal
Kidneys are derived from what 2 embryonic sources
- Ureteric buds (collecting)
2. Metanephric blastema (excretory)
Name 6 functions of the kidneys
- Regulation of electrolyte balance
- Regulation of acid/base concentration
- Regain production (BP regulation)
- Erythropoietin production
- Removal of metabolic waste
- Maintenance of H20
Internal structure of the kidneys is divided into two regions
- Cortical region
2. Inner medullary region
Region where 1-2 million nephrons are located
Cortical region
Location of the collecting tubules & papillae
Inner zone of the inner medullary region
Location of the base loops of Henle which extend from the cortical region
Outer zone of inner medullary region
Each kidney contains a medial ____ region where blood vessels & ureter are found
Hilar
Proximal end of the ureter, the _____ is found within a fat-filled ______
Renal pelvis
Renal sinus
Renal pelvis serves as a convergent point for roughly ______
3 major calyces
Each major calyx is emptied into by roughly
3 minor calyces
The minor calyces arch around the ________ which are the apical ends of the
Renal papillae
Medullary pyramids
What are the collecting ducts called in the renal papillae
Ducts of Bellini
Extensions of the collecting ducts & tubules penetrate the cortex called
Medullary rays
Renal pyramid & the overlying cortex form the
Renal lobe
What epithelium lines the calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, & bladder
Transitional epithelium (uroe-epithelium)
The renal papilla is lined with
Simple columnar epithelium
Each nephron consists of a
Renal corpuscle
Each renal corpuscle consists of a double layered epithelial cup called
Bowmans (glomerular) capsule
What encloses a tuft of capillaries & mesangial cells
Bowman’s glomerular capsule
The outer parietal layer of the bowman’s capsule is lined with
Simple squamous epithelium
Inner (visceral) layer of the Bowman’s capsule consists of
Podocytes
Primary process of the podocyte is called
Pedicels
Interdigitate around the capillaries of the glomerulus
Pedicels
The diaphragm separates the space between the 2 capsular layers called the _______ from the blood in the capillaries
Bowman’s urinary space
______ which drains filtrate away from a renal corpuscle & forms the ______
Proximal convoluted tubule
Urinary pole
Urinary pole is lined with _______ that has a ________
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Brush border of microvilli
Descends into the medulla, makes a hairpin turn, & returns to the cortex
Loop of Henle
Length & composition of the loop Henle depends on whether its is a ______ or ______
Juxtamedullary nephron
Cortical nephron
______ have long loops of Henle that maintain the hypertonicity of the medulla making hypertonic urine
Juxtamedullar nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephron: descending thick segment lined with
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Juxtamedullary nephron: descending thin segment is line with
Simple squamous epithelium
Juxtamedullary nephron: ascending thin segment is also lined with
Simple squamous epithelium
Juxtamedullary nephron: ascending thick segment is lined with
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Distal convoluted tubule is lined by
Simple cuboidal epithelium (NO BRUSH BORDER)
Modified region of tubule cells in the distal convoluted tubule called
Macula densa (forms part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus)
what are the 3 structures that are included in the juxtaglomerular apparatus
- macula densa (H20)
- juxtaglomerular cells (secrete the hormone renin: angiotensin I to angiotensin II)
- extraglamerular mesangial cells
collecting tubules are usually lined with ______, larger ducts are lined with ______
cuboidal epithelium
columnar epithelium
interlobar arteries and veins come from
renal artery and vein
“arch” across the boundary between cortex and medulla
arcuate arteries and veins
ascend from the arcuate vessels and pass u the cortex perpendicular to the surface of the kidney
interlobular arteries and veins
each glomerulus receives its blood from one afferent arteriole. the afferent arterioles arise from interlobular arteries
afferent arterioles and glomerular capillaries
blood leaves the glomerulus through a short and inconspicuous _____ and enters
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries or vasa recta
peritubular capillaries eventually drain blood to the
interlobular veins
bundles of thin vessels which carry blood into and out of the medulla from the efferent arteriole
vasa recta
vasa recta eventually return blood to
arcuate veins
ureter typically has the muscularis layer having a longitudinal orientation and a folded lumen with a _____ appearance
stellate appearance
female urethra is lined with _______ throughout the extent then at the opening into the vulva, lined with ______
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
membranous/penile urethra in lined with
pseudostratified columnar epith
navicular fossa lined with
stratified squamous epith