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Rheum/Musculoskeletal/Derm Week 3 > Urticaria and Drug Rashes > Flashcards

Urticaria and Drug Rashes Flashcards

1
Q

What is urticaria?

A

rapid development of ‘hives’- itchy swellings of skin that results from inflammatory reactions mediated by release of histamine into skin, causing capillary leakage and edema (can be allergic or non-allergic in nature)

If an individual lesion lasts more than 24 hrs= probably not urticaria

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2
Q

What is this?

A

Urticaria- lesions tend to come and go over the course of a day. Note that you CAN get annular lesions

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3
Q

How long do the wheals of urticaria last?

A

A few hours before resolving. BUT you can get a series of these lesions that collectively last longer and may have associated angioedema (swelling of the deeper dermis and subQ tissue lasting up to 72 hrs)

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4
Q

What is ACUTE urticaria defined as?

A

Urticaria lasting less than 6 weeks (chronic=longer)

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5
Q

What are some things that cause acute urticaria?

A
  • Infections (40%)- often URI
  • Drugs (comes up right after taking drugs)
  • Foods, Inhalants, Stress, Systemic Diseases
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6
Q

What drugs have been known to cause acute urticaria?

A

-B-lactams, NSAIDs, aspirin, opiates, contrast media

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7
Q

What things have been known to cause chronic urticaria?

A

Majority are idiopathic but can be caused by chronic infections, rheum disorders, and autoantibodies to IgE receptors on mast cells

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8
Q

How common is angioedema in urticaria?

A

common in up to 40% (especially food-induced urticaria) and typically involves the lips, periorbital areas, hands, and feet

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9
Q

What are some other causes of angioedema?

A
  • C1 inhibitor deficiency (HANE)
  • ACEIs
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10
Q

Some forms of urticaria are not immunologic and have a physical cause, such as:

A

Dermatographism (stratch of pressure causes hives)

Cold/heat urticaria

Solar/aquagenic

delayed pressure urticaria (common on waistband after sitting)

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11
Q

How is urticaria treated? What about angioedema/anaphylaxis?

A

Antihistamines is DOC (prevents more hives from forming than resolving the formed ones). May need several drugs or higher doses for chronic urticaria (LTRAs, H2-blockers)

angioedema/anaphylaxis: Epinephrine

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12
Q

Individual urticaria lasting more than 24 hrs suggests what?

A

urticarial vasculitis (biopsy needed)

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13
Q

Cutaneous DRUG rxns are more common in what patient populations?

A
  • increasing age, female gender
  • contaminant viral infections (HIV, EBV)
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14
Q

What are some common drugs that cause cutaneous drug rxns?

A
  • ABX
  • Anticonvulsants
  • NSAIDs
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15
Q

What are the common patterns of drug induced rashes?

A

90% morbilliform rash (below) (5% urticarial)

NOTE: A morbilliform rash can also be the initial presentation of more serious rash, incuding toxic epidermal necrolysis, DRESS syndrome, and serum sickness

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16
Q

Describe morbilliform drug eruptions

A

Multiple, blanching, small, pink, ITCHY papules on the trunk and pressure-bearing areas that SPREAD OVER TIME TO BECOME CONFLUENT. These tend to last longer than urticaria

17
Q

When does a morbilliform drug rash usually begin after starting a drug?

A

Usually 5-7 days after starting a drug (resolves spontaneously in 1-2 weeks, usually w/out complications). Urticaria will start IMMEDIATELY (type I hypersensivity)

18
Q

What mediates morbilliform drug rxns?

A

Cell-mediated type IV hypersensitivity rxns (urticaria- type I)

19
Q

Most common causes of morbilliform drug rxns?

A

penicillins, cephalosporins, sulfonamides, anticonvulsants

20
Q

What is this?

A

urticarial drug rxns

21
Q

Describe urticarial drug rxns

A

2nd most common form of cutaneous drug rxns and occur WITHIN MINUTES of exposure causes by IgE- mediated hypersensitivity (requires PRIOR EXPOSURE with AB exposure- thus, wont occur on very first exposure typically)

These appear more random than the patterned morbilliform pattern

22
Q

What are the most common causes of urticarial drug rxns?

A

-penicillins, cephalosporins, aspirin, latex

23
Q

What is DRESS?

A

Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (aka drug hypersensitivity syndrome)- a severe morbilliform drug rxn with eosinophilia and systemic illness that occurs 2-6 WEEKS AFTER EXPOSURE and TENDS TO LAST A LONG TIME AFTER DISCONTINUING THE DRUG

24
Q

How does DRESS present?

A
  • **facial edema characteristic**
  • fever, LAD, joint pain
  • multisystem involvement; liver common
25
Q

How long does DRESS last?

A

weeks to months after stopping drug

26
Q

What drugs commonly cause DRESS?

A

Anticonvulsants and ABX (mino, erythro, and sulfonamides)

27
Q

How is DRESS treated?

A

requires long-term tapered Tx with corticosteroids (mortality up to 10% from fulminant hepatitis- Tx doesnt help)

28
Q

What is this?

A

Fixed drug eruption- a well circumscribed, red-brown plaque that often heals with hyperpigmentations (darkens) and recurs at the same location upon repeated exposure and may blister

can have multiple

29
Q

Where are fixed drug eruptions common?

A

genitals, lips, and extremities

30
Q

What drugs commonly causes fixed drug eruptions?

A

sulfonamides, NSAIDs, and laxatives

31
Q

What is SJS/ toxic epidermal necrolysis?

A

a potentially life threatening spectrum of blistering skin disease that are commonly caused by drug rxns

32
Q

What drugs have been linked to SJS?

A

ABX (sulfonamides, B-lactams, quinolones)

Anticonvulsants

Allopurinol

NSAIDs

Nevirapine or Abacavir

Tylenol in children

33
Q

SJS and TEN are considered part of the same disease spectrum. How are they differentiated?

A

By % of body surface involved (less than 10% = SJS, and over 15% = TEN)

34
Q

How does SJS/TEN present? Hallmark?

A

Onset is typically within 1-2 months of starting drug and starts with flu-like, febrile prodromal illness with conjunctivitis and dysuria common. Skin involvement typically starts as a morbilliform rash or atypical, target lesions that may be burning/painful and eventually spread and begins to peel

Mucosal involvement is the hallmark

35
Q
A

Mucosal involvement of SJS/TEN rxn

36
Q
A
37
Q
A
38
Q

How is SJS/TEN treated?

A

Critical step is to ID and stop the offending drug and then pts. need aggressive supportive care, managment in the burn unit when appropriate, need for addition consults (skin, urology, OBGYN) and then the DOC is 3 days IVIG

39
Q

T or F. Use of systemic steroids helps with SJS/TEN

A

FALSE. Do not use- increases mortality

Rheum/Musculoskeletal/Derm Week 3 (27 decks)

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