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Flashcards in Vascular Control Deck (24)
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1
Q

what kind of system is the heart? what is its input and output?

A

a dynamic and closed system

  • input = venous return
  • output = cardiac output
2
Q

how can the heart change dynamically?

A
  1. changes in input (venous return, such as eating more)

2. changes in its output (cardiac output, such as exercising more)

3
Q

what are the 2 venous compartments and what do they determine?

A
  1. central venous compartment (volume enclosed by right atrium and great veins in the thorax)
  2. peripheral venous compartment (allows holding all the blood; 2500 mL)
4
Q

what aspect of the systemic cardiovascular circuit determines afterload?

A

resistance of arterioles (13 mmHg/L/min)

5
Q

what aspect of the systemic cardiovascular circuit determines preload?

A

volume of the central venous compartment (80 mL)

6
Q

what is the connection between right atrial pressure and central venous pressure

A

they are the same thing (RAP = CVP = great veins in thorax + right atrium)

7
Q

what happens when venous return doesn’t equal cardiac output?

A

there is a change in the volume of the central venous compartment, thus the CVP changes too

8
Q

what is the purpose of measuring jugular venous pressure

A

external jugular serves as a barometer for CVP

9
Q

what is the purpose of a central venous catheter?

A

infect needle in internal jugular to cavoatrial junction and perfuse fluids to see CVP

10
Q

how does peripheral venous pressure compare to central venous (intrathoracic) pressure? what does this mean for venous return?

A

PVP is usually 7 mmHg, and CVP is usually 0 mmHg, so blood flows from PVC to CVC
-venous return usually 7L/min

11
Q

what is MSFP?

A

mean systemic filling pressure; pressure exerted by total blood volume (usually 7 mmHg, like central venous pressure) when there is zero flow

12
Q

what happens to the venous return and central venous pressure with increased blood volume or venous tone?

A

the curve shifts up/right, such that the VR is greater, and CVP is greater

  • the slope is the same
  • this happen if blood is introduced into the system
13
Q

what happens to the venous return and central venous pressure with decreased blood volume or venous tone?

A

the curve shifts down/left, such that the VR is smaller, and the CVP is smaller

  • the slope is the same
  • this happens if blood is taken away from the system
14
Q

what does the intersection between the cardiac function curve and the venous function curve mean?

A

it is the venous return at the given central venous pressure in a resting individual
-normally, VR (AKA CO) is 5 L/minute, and CVP is 2 mmHg

15
Q

what are the changes to the cardiac function curve and venous function curves during hemorrhage?

A
  1. venous function curve shifts down/left due to decrease in blood (CO or VR decrease, CVP decreases)
  2. cardiac function curve shifts up due to increased cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (CO increases, but CVP decreases)
  3. venous function curve shifts up/right due to venous constriction (CO goes up to normal 5 L/min, but CVP is still < 2
16
Q

what are the changes to the cardiac function curve and venous function curves during CHF?

A
  1. cardiac function curve shifts down, even though MFSP is the same, because heart cannot pump enough CO
  2. venous function curve shifts up/right by retaining fluid to increase CO at a nigher CVP
17
Q

what does the partial venous collapse produce?

A

happens at negative RAP (CVP) that produces the plateau in the vascular function curve (steady flow at negative pressures)

18
Q

what happens to the venous function curve during vasodilation? why does this happen? what happens to the end systolic volume and peripheral venous pressure?

A

the slope is steeper, b/c MSFP doesn’t change (same amount of blood) while CO increases (SV increases b/c decreased resistance)

  • ESV decreases
  • PVP increases
19
Q

what happens to the venous function curve during vasoconstriction? why does this happen? what happens to the end systolic volume and peripheral venous pressure?

A

the slope is flatter, b/c MSFP doesn’t change (same amount of blood) while CO decreases (CV decreases b/c increased resistance)

  • ESV increases
  • PVP decreases
20
Q

when does CO equal VR?

A

at steady state

-with RAP, the three are interdependent (mismatches are quickly resolved)

21
Q

what are the effects of cardiac glycosides (like digitalis?)

A

increase contractility and elevate cardiac function curve and CO
-same effect as if increased HR or SV

22
Q

what is the effect of sympathetic activation on vascular and cardiac function curves?

A

heart becomes stronger pump, so MSFP increases due to venous contraction causing larger volume in smaller system
-VR and CO increase to higher match point, w/o much change in RAP

23
Q

how does constriction of veins compare to arterioles in terms of MSFP?

A

since there’s more blood in veins, venoconstriction increases MSFP while arterolar constriction only has a negligible or no effect

24
Q

how does anesthesia affect vascular and cardiac function curves?

A

inhibits sympathetic drive, causing venodilation, lower CVP, lower VR, and lower CO

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