vitamins are converted into __ in the body
coenzymes
minerals are converted into __ in the body
cofactors
what are converted into coenzymes in the body
vitamins
what are converted into cofactors in the body
minerals
what are the water soluble vitamins
B vitamins and vitamin C
what are the fat soluble vitamins
vitamins A, D, E, K
b1 deficiency
beri beri
wet - CVD
dry - PNS
wernicke korsakoff syndrome
b1 active form
TPP
thiamine pyrophosphate
b1 notes
numbness of legs
psychosis
dementia
b1 reaction
decarboxylation
b2 active form
FAD
flavin-adenine-dinucleotide
b2 reaction
oxidation reduction
dehydrogenase enzyme
b2 deficiency
cheilosis
angular stomatitis
magenta tongue
which vitamin is destroyed by light
b2
b3 active form
NAD and NADP
nicatinamide
b3 reaction
oxidation reduction
dehydrogenase enzyme
b3 deficiency
pellagra
4 Ds dementia dermatitis diarrhea death
what amino acid is needed to form niacin
tryptophan
b5 active form
pantothenate
b5 reaction
component of coenzyme A
b5 deficiency
burning foot syndrome
which vitamin is heat labile
b5
b6 active form
pyridoxial 5 phosphate
b6 reaction
transanimations
ketoacid –> amino acid
amino acid –> ketoacid
amino acid metabolism
which vitamin is made by flora / intestinal bacteria
b6, b7, vitamin k
b7 active form
biocytin
b7 reaction
carboxylation
acetyl coA carboxylase
b7 deficieny
caused by avidin in egg whites
avidin depletes biotin uptake
b9 active form
tetrahydrofolate
b9 reaction
one carbon transfers
dna and rna synthesis
b9 deficiency
megablastic anemia
glossitis
neural tube defects
spina bifida
b12 active form
methylcobalamin
b12 reaction
homocysteine remethylation
b12 deficiency
pernicious anemia - from decrease intrinsic factor
PLS - posterolateral sclerosis
or called combined systems disease
megablastic anemia - vegetarians
which vitamin contains cobalt
b12
vitamin c active form
ascorbic acid
vitamin c reaction
hydroxylation - proline and lysine in collagen
enhances iron absorption
fe3 –> fe2
vitamin c deficiency
scurvy - bleeding gums
which vitamin is found primarily in animal products and is usually lacking in vegetarians
b12
which vitamin is destroyed by heat
vitamin c
which vitamin is found in brussel sprouts in the highest amount
vitamin c
vitamin a active form
retinal and retinoic acid
retinoic acid is the most active form
what is the most active form of vitamin A
retinoic acid
vitamin a deficiency
night blindness - nyctolopia
keratomalacia - degeneration of cornea
xerophthalmia - dry eyes
what vitamin is for the immune system
vitamin a
vitamin d active form
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
which vitamin is involved with vision and growth
vitamin a
which vitamin is involved in calcium and phosphate metabolism
vitamin d
vitamin d deficiency
rickets in young people
osteomalacia in adults
what vitamin can the body make
vitamin D
vitamin e active form
alpha - tocopherol
what vitamin is a lipid antioxidant
vitamin e
what vitamin causes diarrhea in excess consumption
vitamin e and c
what vitamin is found in the highest amounts in wheat germ oil
vitamin e
what is vitamin k also known as
hydroquinone
medadione
what vitamin is found in the highest amounts in green leafy vegetables
vitamin K
what vitamin aids in clotting
vitamin K
what vitamin is precursor to coQ
vitamin K
vitamin K deficiency
decrease clotting time
what vitamin coverts prothrombin to thrombin
vitamin K
what mineral is a glucose tolerance factor
chromium
what mineral helps bind insulin to the cells
chromium
what does chromium deficiency cause
impaired glucose tolerance
what mineral is constituent of b12
cobalt
what does cobalt deficiency cause
pernicious anemia
which mineral binds to ATP, aids in muscle contraction, protein production, and many many enzymes
magnesium
what is the magnesium calcium ratio
2 to 1
what does magnesium deficiency cause
hyerpexcitiability
muscle weakness
sleepiness
what mineral is needed for thyroid hormone production
iodine
what mineral is stored as thyroglobulin
iodine
what does iodine deficiency cause
children - cretinism
adults - goiter and myxedema
what mineral is found in hemoglobin and cytochromes
iron
iron is transported by __ and stored as __
transported - trasnferrin
stored - ferritin
what does iron deficiency cause
hypochromic anemia
microcytic anemia
what mineral is the cofactor for glutathione peroxidase
selenium
what mineral is an antioxidant
selenium
what mineral is cofactor for carbonic anhydrase
zinc
what mineral is involved in immune system, taste, wound healing, and prostate health
zinc
what does zinc deficiency cause
impaired wound healing
what mineral increases the hardness of the teeth
fluoride
what does fluoride deficiency cause
dental caries
what does fluoride excess cause
hyperfluorosis
what is involved in the methylation cycle
reaction
enzyme
vitamins involved
methionine —> homocysteine = remethylation
homocysteine –> methionine = demethylation
catalyzed by methionine synthase
b9 and b12
b9 gives methyl group to b12
b12 is coenzyme for methionine
b9 deficiencies affect b12 and vice versa
describe vitamin d synthesis
7- dehydrocholesterol --> uv light cholecalciferol --> liver 25 hydroxycholecalciferol --> kidney (alpha 1 hydroxylase) RL enzyme 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
describe iron absorption
fe3 - ferric - most active
fe2 - ferrous - most absorbable
fe3 (in food) ---> vitamin C fe2 (absorbed in intestines) --> copper fe3 (used in body)
what mineral deficiencies result in tetany
calcium
magnesium
what are the antioxidant vitamins and minerals
ACEs vitamin a vitamin c vitamin e selenium
also glutathione, lipoic acid, coQ10