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Flashcards in vitamins Deck (87)
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1
Q

vitamins are converted into __ in the body

A

coenzymes

2
Q

minerals are converted into __ in the body

A

cofactors

3
Q

what are converted into coenzymes in the body

A

vitamins

4
Q

what are converted into cofactors in the body

A

minerals

5
Q

what are the water soluble vitamins

A

B vitamins and vitamin C

6
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins

A

vitamins A, D, E, K

7
Q

b1 deficiency

A

beri beri
wet - CVD
dry - PNS

wernicke korsakoff syndrome

8
Q

b1 active form

A

TPP

thiamine pyrophosphate

9
Q

b1 notes

A

numbness of legs

psychosis

dementia

10
Q

b1 reaction

A

decarboxylation

11
Q

b2 active form

A

FAD

flavin-adenine-dinucleotide

12
Q

b2 reaction

A

oxidation reduction

dehydrogenase enzyme

13
Q

b2 deficiency

A

cheilosis

angular stomatitis

magenta tongue

14
Q

which vitamin is destroyed by light

A

b2

15
Q

b3 active form

A

NAD and NADP

nicatinamide

16
Q

b3 reaction

A

oxidation reduction

dehydrogenase enzyme

17
Q

b3 deficiency

A

pellagra

4 Ds 
dementia
dermatitis
diarrhea 
death
18
Q

what amino acid is needed to form niacin

A

tryptophan

19
Q

b5 active form

A

pantothenate

20
Q

b5 reaction

A

component of coenzyme A

21
Q

b5 deficiency

A

burning foot syndrome

22
Q

which vitamin is heat labile

A

b5

23
Q

b6 active form

A

pyridoxial 5 phosphate

24
Q

b6 reaction

A

transanimations
ketoacid –> amino acid
amino acid –> ketoacid

amino acid metabolism

25
Q

which vitamin is made by flora / intestinal bacteria

A

b6, b7, vitamin k

26
Q

b7 active form

A

biocytin

27
Q

b7 reaction

A

carboxylation

acetyl coA carboxylase

28
Q

b7 deficieny

A

caused by avidin in egg whites

avidin depletes biotin uptake

29
Q

b9 active form

A

tetrahydrofolate

30
Q

b9 reaction

A

one carbon transfers

dna and rna synthesis

31
Q

b9 deficiency

A

megablastic anemia

glossitis

neural tube defects

spina bifida

32
Q

b12 active form

A

methylcobalamin

33
Q

b12 reaction

A

homocysteine remethylation

34
Q

b12 deficiency

A

pernicious anemia - from decrease intrinsic factor

PLS - posterolateral sclerosis
or called combined systems disease

megablastic anemia - vegetarians

35
Q

which vitamin contains cobalt

A

b12

36
Q

vitamin c active form

A

ascorbic acid

37
Q

vitamin c reaction

A

hydroxylation - proline and lysine in collagen

enhances iron absorption
fe3 –> fe2

38
Q

vitamin c deficiency

A

scurvy - bleeding gums

39
Q

which vitamin is found primarily in animal products and is usually lacking in vegetarians

A

b12

40
Q

which vitamin is destroyed by heat

A

vitamin c

41
Q

which vitamin is found in brussel sprouts in the highest amount

A

vitamin c

42
Q

vitamin a active form

A

retinal and retinoic acid

retinoic acid is the most active form

43
Q

what is the most active form of vitamin A

A

retinoic acid

44
Q

vitamin a deficiency

A

night blindness - nyctolopia

keratomalacia - degeneration of cornea

xerophthalmia - dry eyes

45
Q

what vitamin is for the immune system

A

vitamin a

46
Q

vitamin d active form

A

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

47
Q

which vitamin is involved with vision and growth

A

vitamin a

48
Q

which vitamin is involved in calcium and phosphate metabolism

A

vitamin d

49
Q

vitamin d deficiency

A

rickets in young people

osteomalacia in adults

50
Q

what vitamin can the body make

A

vitamin D

51
Q

vitamin e active form

A

alpha - tocopherol

52
Q

what vitamin is a lipid antioxidant

A

vitamin e

53
Q

what vitamin causes diarrhea in excess consumption

A

vitamin e and c

54
Q

what vitamin is found in the highest amounts in wheat germ oil

A

vitamin e

55
Q

what is vitamin k also known as

A

hydroquinone

medadione

56
Q

what vitamin is found in the highest amounts in green leafy vegetables

A

vitamin K

57
Q

what vitamin aids in clotting

A

vitamin K

58
Q

what vitamin is precursor to coQ

A

vitamin K

59
Q

vitamin K deficiency

A

decrease clotting time

60
Q

what vitamin coverts prothrombin to thrombin

A

vitamin K

61
Q

what mineral is a glucose tolerance factor

A

chromium

62
Q

what mineral helps bind insulin to the cells

A

chromium

63
Q

what does chromium deficiency cause

A

impaired glucose tolerance

64
Q

what mineral is constituent of b12

A

cobalt

65
Q

what does cobalt deficiency cause

A

pernicious anemia

66
Q

which mineral binds to ATP, aids in muscle contraction, protein production, and many many enzymes

A

magnesium

67
Q

what is the magnesium calcium ratio

A

2 to 1

68
Q

what does magnesium deficiency cause

A

hyerpexcitiability

muscle weakness

sleepiness

69
Q

what mineral is needed for thyroid hormone production

A

iodine

70
Q

what mineral is stored as thyroglobulin

A

iodine

71
Q

what does iodine deficiency cause

A

children - cretinism

adults - goiter and myxedema

72
Q

what mineral is found in hemoglobin and cytochromes

A

iron

73
Q

iron is transported by __ and stored as __

A

transported - trasnferrin

stored - ferritin

74
Q

what does iron deficiency cause

A

hypochromic anemia

microcytic anemia

75
Q

what mineral is the cofactor for glutathione peroxidase

A

selenium

76
Q

what mineral is an antioxidant

A

selenium

77
Q

what mineral is cofactor for carbonic anhydrase

A

zinc

78
Q

what mineral is involved in immune system, taste, wound healing, and prostate health

A

zinc

79
Q

what does zinc deficiency cause

A

impaired wound healing

80
Q

what mineral increases the hardness of the teeth

A

fluoride

81
Q

what does fluoride deficiency cause

A

dental caries

82
Q

what does fluoride excess cause

A

hyperfluorosis

83
Q

what is involved in the methylation cycle

reaction
enzyme
vitamins involved

A

methionine —> homocysteine = remethylation

homocysteine –> methionine = demethylation

catalyzed by methionine synthase

b9 and b12

b9 gives methyl group to b12
b12 is coenzyme for methionine

b9 deficiencies affect b12 and vice versa

84
Q

describe vitamin d synthesis

A
7- dehydrocholesterol 
--> uv light 
cholecalciferol 
--> liver 
25 hydroxycholecalciferol 
--> kidney (alpha 1 hydroxylase) RL enzyme 
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
85
Q

describe iron absorption

A

fe3 - ferric - most active

fe2 - ferrous - most absorbable

fe3 (in food) 
---> vitamin C 
fe2 (absorbed in intestines) 
--> copper 
fe3 (used in body)
86
Q

what mineral deficiencies result in tetany

A

calcium

magnesium

87
Q

what are the antioxidant vitamins and minerals

A
ACEs 
vitamin a 
vitamin c 
vitamin e 
selenium 

also glutathione, lipoic acid, coQ10