Vocabulary

Question 1

Naming Alkynes

Answer 1

Give multiple bond on main chain lowest number.
If choice, lowest number on DB.
Multiples: diynes, triynes. Mix: enynes.

Question 2

Alkylic Carbocation

Answer 2

+CH2CH3. Single bonds. Primary and secondary form easily.

Question 3

Vinylic Carbocation

Answer 3

+CHCH2. Double bond. Primary forms only.

Question 4

Acetylide Ion

Answer 4

One C on DB has lone pair. Negative charge, string nucleophile.

Question 5

Allylic position

Answer 5

C adjacent to pi system.

Question 6

Alkylation

Answer 6

New alkyl group (SB carbon chain) added.

Question 7

Alkyl halides

Answer 7

Halogen bonded to saturated sp3 carbon.

Question 8

Naming alkyl halides

Answer 8

Parent chain contains any multi bonds. Give first substituent lowest number, whether halo or alkyl. If choice, use alphabet.

Question 9

Hammond postulate

Answer 9

Transition state resembles state nearest it in energy.

Question 10

Grignard reagents

Answer 10

RMgX, carbon-metal bonds. Primary, secondary, tertiary alkyls, vinyls or aromatic halides, + Mg and THF/ether. Organic halides are reduced to grignard reagents, then protonated to form hydrocarbons.

Question 11

KOH

Answer 11

Potassium hydroxide, strong base

Seen in: dehydrohalogenation of vicinal dihalides,

Question 12

NaNH2

Answer 12

Sodium amide, strong electrophile.

Seen in: dehydrohalogenation of vicinal dihalides, formation and alkylation of acetylide ions.

Question 13

CH2Cl2

Answer 13

Dichloromethane, common no polar solvent

Question 14

Ketone

Answer 14

Carbonyl bound to two R groups

Results from: mercury sulfite Catalyzed hydrogenation.

Question 15

Enol

Answer 15

Alkene with hydroxyl affixed to one DB carbon. Intermediate in mercury sulfite catalyzed hydrogenation.

Question 16

Aldehyde

Answer 16

Carbonyl bound to 1R group, 1H.

Result of: hydroboration of alkynes.

Question 17

BH3

Answer 17

Borane, very reactive, used in hydroboration.

Question 18

NaBH4

Answer 18

Sodium borohydride. Versatile reducing agent.

Seen in: oxymercuration of alkenes.

Question 19

Zaitsev

Answer 19

Alkene formed in greatest amount is one that removes H from most methylated C.

Question 20

Strong Nucleophiles

Answer 20

Usually anions with full negative charge. Look for Na, K, or Li counter ions. Favor Sn2.

Question 21

Weak nucleophiles

Answer 21

Mostly neutral molecules. Favor Sn1.

Question 22

Strong bases

Answer 22

Most overlap with strong nucleophiles. Full negative charge.

Question 23

Strong nonnucleophilic bases

Answer 23

Bulky bases: tBuLi, KOtBu, LDA.

Tertbutyl lithium, potassium tertbutoxide, lithium diisopropyl amide.