Water deprivation/Sodium ion Flashcards Preview

Toxicology Fall17 > Water deprivation/Sodium ion > Flashcards

Flashcards in Water deprivation/Sodium ion Deck (21)
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1
Q

When does water deprivation become a problem for swine?

A
Overcrowding
Non functional water system
Pigs in a new enclosure that don't know where the water is
Water freezing
Unpalatable water (medicated)
2
Q

In what situations might a pig ingest increased sodium?

A

Salt licks

Feeding brine, whey, or garbage

3
Q

T/F: Salt has an irritant effect on MM

A

TRUE

mild irritant
Too much can cause emesis

4
Q

At what dose in feed dose sodium chloride become toxic?

A

0.5 - 1%

5
Q

Animals can tolerate more than ___% salt in feed if they have FREE access to water

A

10%

6
Q

What animals are most susceptible to water dep/sodium toxicosis?

A

Pigs
cattle
poultry

7
Q

How does sodium enter the brain after absorption?

A

Passive diffusion - then it is REMOVED by active transport

8
Q

What occurs in the brain of an animal with excessive sodium intake/water dep.?

A
  • when Na levels in the plasma increase to 150-190 mEq/L –> it will move into the cerebrospinal fluid passively due to the concentration gradient (CSF Na - 145-185 mEg/L - above normal)
  • High Na in the brain inhibits anaerobic glycolysis –> results in NO energy to be used for the active transport to remove sodium
  • Na is trapped in CSF —> pulls water towards it = cerebral edema
9
Q

What clinical signs are noted in animals with water dep/Na toxicosis?

A

Constipation and thirst
Vomiting, PU, metabolic acidosis
Intermittent convulsive sz

  • Sz last only 30sec - 3min - will be interrupted by other signs
    progressing: circling/pivoting/head pressing, blindness/deafness, inability to eat or drink
10
Q

T/F: Seizures caused by water dep/Na toxicosis can be elicited by external stimuli

A

FALSE

11
Q

What clinical signs will be seen in poultry with water dep/Na toxicosis?

A

Depression, ascites, collapse

12
Q

What lesions are associtated with water dep/Na tosicosis?

A

Gastric congestion/inflammation with pinpoint ulcers, fluid in body cavities and organ edema, cerebral edema

**HISTO: eosinophilic menigoencephalitis - eosinophilic peri vascular cuffing = pathopneumonic in pigs only if the animal dies early (within 24 hours)

13
Q

T/F: Eosinophilic perivascular cuffing will be noted on brain histo of a cow that died of water dep/Na toxicosis

A

FALSE

*pigs only - within 24 hours

14
Q

Diagnostic values of sodium = Serum and CSF or ocular fluid with sodium concentrations of ___ mEg/L or more

A

160

*brain sodium concentrations above 2000 ppm support diagnosis

Can also test Na in feed

Dx: with history, signs, lesions, lab results

15
Q

Diseases with ___ signs will be DDX for water dep/Na toxicosis

A

CNS signs

Ex: heatstroke, trauma, brain tumor, insecticides, Roxarsone (organic arsenic), Pseudorabies etc

16
Q

T/F: In order to treat water dep/Na toxicosis - getting water into the patient ASAP is the most important tx

A

FALSE

If the patient is hydrated too quickly, cerebral edema will become worse

giving small amounts of fresh water gradually over 2-3 days is rec. if the animal is able to drink

17
Q

What is the prognosis for water dep/Na toxicosis?

A

Generally poor - patients will severe brain damage will die no matter what tx

mortality is about 50%

18
Q

What drug class may include sodium? These could be added to feed or water

A

Sulfonamides

19
Q

How long does water deprivation take?

A

Only a few hours

20
Q

What signs may be noted in patients a few days prior to neurological signs of water dep/Na toxicosis?

A

constipation and thirst

usually farmers will not catch this - so Seizure activity is often the first CS reported

21
Q

T/F: Clinical signs noted within a herd of pigs with water dep/Na toxicosis will be the same throughout all the animals

A

False - this will occur at different rates in each animal - so they will be at different stages of the disease