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Yr 2 Nervous System - Anatomy > Week 1 Wet > Flashcards

Flashcards in Week 1 Wet Deck (24)
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1
Q

What section of the skull is the brainstem found in?

A

The posterior cranial fossa

2
Q

What embryological vesicles form the brainstem?

A

Mesencephalon –> Midbrain

Rhombencephalon –> Pons and medulla (& cerebellum)

3
Q

What ventricles lie in relation to the brainstem?

A

cerebral aqueduct in the midbrain

IV ventricle posterior to the pons/medulla

4
Q

Where do the different cranial nerves emerge on the brainstem?

A
1/2 from cerebrum
3 from midbrain
4 from posterior aspect of midbrain
5 from pons
6, 7 & 8 from pontomedullary junction
9, 10 & 11 from sides of the medulla
12 from medullary pyramids
5
Q

Which cranial nerves have the longest intracranial course

A

IV because it emerges posteriorly

VII

6
Q

What are the main anatomical features of the medulla?

A
  • Olives
  • Pyramids
  • Decussation of the Pyramids
  • Open and closed parts on posterior surface
7
Q

What is the open part of the medulla?

A

The posterior superior section where it opens into the 4th ventricle

8
Q

How is the brainstem connected to the cerebellum?

A

By 3 cerebeller peduncles, one each from each section of the brainstem.
They contain Centripetal fibres

9
Q

What are the main anatomical features of the midbrain?

A

Cerebral peduncles connecting to the thalamus

Superior and inferior colliculi on the post surface

10
Q

What makes up the diencephalon and where is it found?

A

Between the cerebrum and the midbrain, it contains the thalamus and hypothalamus

11
Q

What do we call the visible surface projections of the hypothalamus?

A

Mamillary bodies

12
Q

What are the main parts of the cerebellum?

A

Ant/Post lobes
Flocculonodular lobe (V small)
Cerebeller tonsils (At the base by the brainstem)
Vermis (connecting hemispheres)

13
Q

What happens to the cerebellum during sudden increases in ICP?

A

The Cerebellar tonsils herniate through the foramen magnum, this is known as coning.
It can compress and damage vital centres in the brainstem resulting in death

14
Q

What fissure divides cerebral hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal or Cerebral Fissure

15
Q

What connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

The corpus collosum

A white matter tract made of Commisural fibres

16
Q

What are the 3 types of white matter fibres?

A

Commisural - Connect two hemispheres (e.g. Corpus callosum)
Association - Connect within one hemisphere
Projection - Connect cerebrum to elsewhere (e.g. int capsule)

17
Q

What do the cerebral hemispheres sit on?

A

Floor of ant and middle cranial fossae

On the tentorium cerebelli posteriorly

18
Q

List the 4 main sulci of the cerebral hemispheres?

A
  • Lateral or Sylvian Fissure (Seperates temporal from frontal/parietal)
  • Central Sulcus (seperates Fronto-parietal)
  • Parieto-occipital sulcus
  • Calcarine Sulcus (mainly on medial surface of occipital lobe)
19
Q

Where are the 4 primary cortex found? (visual, auditory, sensory and motor)

A

Motor - Pre-central gyrus (frontal lobe)
Sensory - Post-central Gyrus (Parietal Lobe)
Visual - Occipital Lobe
Auditory - Sup Temporal Gyrus

20
Q

At what level does the spinal cord terminate?

A

L1/2 in adults

L2/3 in kids

21
Q

At what level does the dura mater and arachnoid mater terminate?

A

S2

The pia continues as the filum terminale, attaching to the coccyx

22
Q

At what level would you perform an LP?

A

L3/4 in adults or L4/5 in kids

To ensure you enter the cauda equina where theres less risk of nerve damage

23
Q

How is a patient postitioned for LP?

A

Foetal position on their left side

This bends the lumbar spine to open up the vertebrae

24
Q

Is cauda equina damage an UMN lesion or LMN?

A

LMN lesion