most important national holiday in France
Bastille Day, honoring the storming of the Bastille during the French Revolution
First democratically elected Marxist president in Western hemisphere, elected for Chile in 1970, radical, died in a coup supported by the CIA in 1973, hero to many left wing in Latin America
Salvador Allende
Niece of Salvador Allende, wrote “The House of the Spirits”, world’s most widely read Spanish-language author, Chilean
Isabel Allende
took over for Salvador Allende in a coup in 1973, ruled as dictator until 1990, human rights abuses, had 28,000 Chileans tortured
Augusto Pinochet
Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) since 1969 and President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) (legislative body for PLO) since 1994, supported Saddam Hussein during Persian Gulf War, died in 2004
Yasser (Yasir) Arafat
These meetings between Yasser Arafat, foreign Minister Shimon Peres, Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Bill Clinton in 1993 established the PNA
Oslo Accords
first native born Israeli Prime Minister, led Israel’s army in 1967 Six-Day War, signed Oslo Accords in 1993 (won Nobel Peace Prize), assassinated in 1995 by right-wing Israeli radical who opposed the Oslo Accords
Yitzhak Rabin
Famous handshake between these two people with Bill Clinton in the middle applauding, for the Oslo Accords in 1993
Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat
Sent the Spanish Armada to conquer Queen Elizabeth and England in 1588, lost to Sir Francis Drake
King Philip II of Spain
This ethnicity who lived within the Ottoman Empire and modern day Turkey were massacred (between 1915 and 1920 more than 1 million)
Armenians
War in 1967 where Israel took control of the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, West Bank from Jordan, and Golan Heights from Syria, tripled size of Israel, gave Sinai Peninsula back to Egypt in 1982, still has the rest
Six Day War
Egypt and Syria fight back in 1973 on this Jewish holiday, gained ground initially, but lost to Israel, Egypt turned out OK after it’s own peace agreement, Syria was a disaster and lost even more ground in Golan Heights
Yom Kippur War
“Father of the turks”, he founded modern Turkey in the 1920s after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, banned wearing of fez hats, removed Islam as state religion, switched alphabet from Arabic to Roman, changed Constantinople to Istanbul in 1930
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
Israel’s founder and first prime minister from 1948 until 1963, Tel Aviv’s airport is named after him
David Ben-Gurion
chancellor of German Empire after Franco-Prussian War in 1871-1890, convinced German states to unite under one Kaiser Wilhelm I, the “Iron Chancellor”, resigned due to differences with Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1890
Otto von Bismarck
First German Kaiser was ____ in 1871, _____ last German Kaiser (he threw out Otto von Bismarck) abdicated in 1918
Kaiser Wilhelm I, Kaiser Wilhelm II
In 1756, Indian troops drove 146 English defenders of a fort in the capital of British India into this single jail cell, many suffocated by the next morning
Black Hole of Calcutta
war between British and Dutch settlers (Transvaal + Orange Free State) in what is now South Africa, fought from 1899-1902 and won by the British, country was united in 1910
Boer War
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle mannged a field hospital, and Winston Churchill covered the news (and was imprisoned) in this war
Boer War
Dutch settlers in South Africa, also known as Afrikaners, based on the Dutch word for farmer
Boers
In 1835, 12,000 of them left Cape Colony and began their historic “Great Trek” to what is now the Transvaal
Boers
Venezuelan revolutionary leader in early 19th century who fought Spanish troops for independence of countries in northern South America: Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia (named after him)
Simon Bolivar
Nicknamed “the liberator”, ironic because he became a dictator after defeating the Spanish
Simon Bolivar
Leader of Soviet Communist party after Nikita Krushchev, 1964-1982, invaded Afghanistan in 1979 to support a pro-Soviet govmt there, invaded Czechoslovakia in 1968 to depose of an anti-Soviet govmt there. Bushy eyebrows
Leonid Brezhnev
Nixon (and later Carter) and Brezhnev’s agreement to limit nuclear arms
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I and SALT II)
Luftwaffe vs. the British Royal Air Force (RAF) during the summer/fall of 1940, Britain won and Germany scrapped plans for an invasion of Britain, invention of radar helped the British defeat a much larger German force
Battle of Britain
Czarina from 1762-1796, overthrew her husband Peter III (later killed) to take the throne, annexed Crimean peninsula from the Turks, known for her affairs with members of the govmt
Catherine the Great
prince, lover and advisor to Catherine the Great, battleship and fake villages (that he would make before Catherine toured there) are named after him
Grigory Potemkin
famous mutiny, also scene where baby carriage falls down steps in Odessa, Ukraine after mom is shot, soldiers are shooting civilians during 1905 Revolution
Battleship Potemkin
British prime minister who signed the Munich Pact in 1938, appeasing Hitler and allowing him to extend territory into Czechoslovakia, PM when WW II started
Neville Chamberlain
Chinese general, president of China until he was overthrown by Mao Zedong and Chinese Communists in 1949, fled to start Taiwan (Republic of China)
Chiang Kai-shek
First PM of India, ruled from 1947-1964, longtime friend of Mahatma Gandhi, head of the Indian National Congress party
Jawaharlal Nehru
style of jacket named after first PM of India
Nehru jacket
English explorer in the Pacitic Ocean, established first European colony in Australia, visited New Zealand, Hawaii, and Antartica
Captain James Cook
Russian army’s elite horsemen soldiers, steppe-dwelling people, tall fuzzy hats, now they are unofficial police that can’t carry weapons or arrest people
Cossacks
Founder of the Jesuits in 1540 during the Counter Reformation
St Ignatius of Loyola
War between Russia and Turkey/Britain/France in 1853-1856, Russia was defeated which guaranteed independence for Turkey
Crimean War
cared for British troops during the Crimean War, known as the “Lady with the Lamp”, wrote the first textbook for nurses
Florence Nightingale
Name for Gang of Four’s movement to turn China to communism from 1966-1976, used Red Guards to deliberately destroy remnants of precommunist China
Cultural Revolution
Title of ruler in Russia during absolute monarchy from 16th century (starting with Ivan IV “The Terrible”) to the Russian Revolution (although technically changed to Emperor with Peter I “The Great” in 1721, still used commonly)
Tsar (or Czar)
leader of the Free French Resistance during WW II, served president after Nazis were driven out then again in 1959-1969 for the Fifth Republic, resigned in 1969
Charles De Gaulle
Led China from 1977 until his death in 1997, took over after Mao Zedong, Tienanmen Square protest was in favor of him
Deng Xiaoping
Title of the head of the Soviet Union (e.g. Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev)
Premier of the Soviet Union
Jewish author and political leader of the Tories (Conservative) and PM twice, he alternated with William Gladstone from 1868-1880, supported extension of British colonies, favorite of Queen Victoria
Benjamin Disraeli
Position of “Secretary of Treasury” in the UK, lives at 11 Downing St
Chancellor of the Exchequer
English author and political leader of the Liberal party, PM 4 times alternating between Benjamin Disraeli and others between 1868 and 1894, Queen Victoria not a fan
William Gladstone
British explorer who found the long-missing explorer and missionary Dr. David Livingstone in Africa in 1871
Henry Stanley
He often raided Spanish tresaure ships, destroyed the Spanish Armada in 1588
Sir Francis Drake
Name of Sir Francis Drake’s ship that circumnavigated the world
The Golden Hind
First Englishman to sail around the world (2nd ever)
Sir Francis Drake
Port where over 300,000 English soldiers evacuated during the Fall of France during WW II in 1940
Dunkirk
Nazi official responsible for killing of milliosn of Jews during the Holocaust, fled but was caught in Argentina by Israel, hanged by Israel after his trial and was only death sentence ever in Israel
Adolf Eichmann
2nd popular book by Karl Marx & Freiedrich Engels in 1867 (after Communist Manifesto), Marx died and Engels finished it
Das Kapital
Spanish general and fascist dictator, successfully led the Nationalist armies against the Loyalists during the Spanish Civil War in the 1930s and ruled Spain firmly until his death in 1939-1975
Francisco Franco
French revolutionary leader, was stabbed to death by Charlotte Corday in his bathtub, Jacobins used it as an excuse to start the Reign of Terror
Jean-Paul Marat
Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s PM 1966-1977, 1980-1984 secured independence of Bangladesh, New Delhi airport also named after her
Indira Gandhi
She was assassinated by 2 Sikh bodyguards on Halloween in retaliation for attacking the Golden Temple of Amritsar - Sikh’s holiest shrine
Indira Gandhi
Son of Indira Gandhi taking over after her death, he was also assassinated 6.5 years later
Rajiv Gandhi
Four Chinese political leaders (Mao’s wife and 3 others) of the 20th century closely associated with Mao Zedong who implemented the Cultural Revolution, denounced in 1976 and convicted in 1981 of crimes such as torture
Gang of Four
Italian patriot in the 19th century who fought for unification of Italy, his followers were called “Red Shirts”, fought for revolts in South American first too - “Hero of Two Worlds”
Giuseppe Garibaldi
The secret police of the Third Reich in Germany, used brutal interrogation and torture against suspects of treason, instilled widespread fear by their terrorist methods
Gestapo
German propoganda minister of the Nazis (PR guy), him and his wife killed their 6 kids before commiting suicide
Joseph Goebbels
leader of the Luftwaffe, Hitler’s official successor, convicted at the Nuremberg Trials but took cyanide pill hours before being executed
Hermann Goering
Last president of the Soviet Union 1985-1991, tried to revive economy through “perestroika” (restructuring) and “glasnost” (openness) which failed and Soviet Union collapsed
Mikhail Gorbachev
Latin American Argentinian-born revolutionary in Cuban revolution to bring Fidel Castro to power, tried again but was killed in Bolivia in 1967, wrote a manual on guerilla warfare
Ernesto “Che” Guevara
Swedish diplomat and secretary general of the UN 1953-1961, involved with setting differences between Cold War countries and independence for African nations, killed in a 1961 plane crash in Africa
Dag Hammarskjold
Japanese emperor 1926-1989, longest reign in Japanese history, oversaw Japan during WW II, forced to give up his “divine status” in 1946 (first to do this)
Hirohito
Vietnamese revolutionary leader in the 20th century, drove out Japanese forces in the 1940s in WW II, French forces in the 1950s, and US forces in 1960s in Vietnam War, Saigon renamed after him
Ho Chi Minh
French Protestants of the 16th and 17th centuries who were persecuted by the Catholic Church and govmt, Edict of Nantes allowed freedom but was revoked by Louis XIV
Huguenots
Announced that the Huguenots were free to practice their religion in certain cities, later revoked by Louis XIV in the Edict of Fontainebleau
Edict of Nantes
Paris Catholics killed thousands of French Protestants (Huguenots) in this 1572 massacre
St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre
First Czar, anger issues, killed his own son & only heir in a fit of rage in 1581, had 7 wives, killed thousands in Novgorod because he thought they were conspiring against him
Ivan the Terrible
built St Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow, legend says that he blinded the designers so they could never again build anything as beautiful, also made Moscow the capital
Ivan the Terrible
___ let the ____, the communist movement in Cambodia which committed genocide to turn the country into “Old People” though agricultural labor
Pol Pot, Khmer Rouge
Iranian leader imposing rule by Islamic law 1979-1989 (died),was exiled in mostly Iraq for 16 years (for opposing reforms) before coming to power, gave blessing to holding American diplomats hostage from 1979 to 1981 and issued fatwa for Salman Rushdie
Ayatollah Khomeini
Soviet premier 1953-1964, led de-Stalinization, sent troops to Hungary in 1956, Cuban Missile Crises (eventually caved)
Nikita Kruschchev
Driven from S and E China by Chiang Kai-Shek at the end of the 1920s, Mao Zedong led forces 6,000 miles to NW China, from there they attacked Japanese invaders and eventually on the Chinese govmt, which led to their conquest in 1949
Long March
term for the young adults who fought in WW I, term coined by Gertrude Stein, example is characters in “The Sun Also Rises”
lost generation
The Sun King, “I am the state”, built Palace of Versailles in 1682
Louis XIV
British passenger ship that was sunk by a German sub in 1915 killing over 100 Americans on board, cause US to get into WW I
Lusitania
chain of defensive fortifications built by France b/w WW I and WW II to keep Germany out, Germany just went around them to the N through Belgium in WW II, also means mentality for fighting defensively or fighting “the last war”
Maginot line
Dutch exotic dancer and spy who worked for both French and Germans during WW I, French executed her in 1917, known as a seductive double-dealing woman
Mata Hari
Israel PM 1969-1974, known for her efforts to lessen Arab-Israeli conflict through diplomacy, caught offguard by attacking Arab forces in 1973, grew up in Milwakee, was foreign minister to USSR
Golda Meir
Serbian leader who performed ethnic cleansing, barred from a 3rd term in Serbia so he was made president of Yugoslavia, accused of war crimes and found dead in prison cell in The Hague
Slobodan Milosevic
Roman Catholic who received Nobel Prize for peace in 1979 for humanitarian work among lepers and other dying poor in Calcutta
Mother Teresa
British naval officer _____ who defeated Napoleon Bonaparte’s fleet in this battle _____ in 1805, but was fatally wounded in the battle aboard the HMS Victory, has his own column
Admiral Horatio Nelson, Battle of Trafalgar
years of WW I and WW II
1914-1918, 1939-1945
The revolution in 1917 in Russia that brought the Bolsheviks to power
October Revolution
Russian czar then emperor from 1682-1725 (longest of any Russian czar) who tried to introduce Western ideas to Russia, moved capital from Moscow to new city called St. Petersburg, very tall, founded of Russian navy
Peter the Great
St. Petersburg name progression
St. Petersburg (1703) -> Petrograd (1914) -> Leningrad (1924) -> St. Petersburg (1991)
Stalingrad name progression, the city resisted a 6-month seige by the Germans during WW II in 1942-1943 (and won), major turning point in the war
Tsaritsyn (1589) -> Stalingrad (1925) -> Volgograd (1961)
___ was British PM 1766-1768 during the Seven Year’s War and opposed American colonial independence, ____ was British PM 1783-1801, 1804-1806 (youngest ever) and helped lead fight against Napolean and died in 1806
William Pitt, the Elder; William Pitt, the Younger
Norwegian who became leader of German-controlled govmt in Norway during WW II, name synonymous with traitor, he was executed for treason after the war
Vidkun Quisling
English explorer known for his expeditions to the Americas, attempted to colonize Roanoke in 1585, executed in 1618 at Tower of London for plotting to dethrone King James I, known to have put his jacket over a mud puddle for Queen Elizabeth I
Sir Walter Raleigh
Russian monk (“Mad Monk”) who was an advisor to Czar Nicholas II, claimed to have healed his son of Hemophilia (blood disorder), also had influence on his wife Alexandra, was poisoned, shot, and thrown in the Neva River to drown
Grigori Rasputin
Another name for the Enlightenment
Age of Reason
term used for the time when the Stuarts were put back on the throne with Charles II, many plays that were previously banned by the Puritans were produced
The Restoration
Liberal and nationalist rebellions that broke out in Germany, Austria, France, Italy, and Belgium, collapsed within a year
Revolutions of 1848
French clergyman and political leader under Louis XIII 1624-1642, known as “Red Eminence”, appears in “The Three Musketeers”
Cardinal Richelieu
German military commander, master of blitzkrieg, known as “Desert Fox” for campaigns in North Africa, caught in plot to assassinate Hitler, commited suicide rather than stand trial
Erwin Rommel
War fought in 1904-1905 between Russia and Japan over rival territorial claims, Japan won and emerged as a world power, Teddy Roosevelt won Nobel Peace prize for mediating Treaty of Portsmouth to end war
Russo-Japanese War
President of Egypt 1970-1981, signed a peace agreement with Israel in 1979 (first Arab nation to make peace with Israel), assassinated during military parade in Cairo in 1981 (Hosni Mubarak took over)
Anwar Sadat
French Missionary/Humanitarian who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1952 for his work in Africa, used prize money to expand his hospital and found a leper colony in Gabon, also a musician who would give Bach concerts
Albert Schweitzer
King of Prussia 1740-1786, success in the Seven Years War (started when he invaded Saxony), doubled size of nation
Frederick the Great
List the sides of the Seven Years War and dates
1756-1763, Prussia & Britain vs. Austria, France, & Russia
Japanese military leaders who ruled from 1192-1867 (the emperor was just a figurehead under them), Tokyo became the capital in 1868
shoguns, shogunate refers to the 3 military govts that ruled at the same time
Two sides of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
Loyalists/Republicans (for elected govt, supported by Soviet Union) vs. Nationalists (for Fascism, supported by Hitler and Mussolini, led by Francisco Franco)
Meeting between FDR, Stalin, and Winston Churchill (Big Three) on what to do with WW II, took place at a Ukrankian resort city on the Black Sea (e.g. that Germany would be divided into 4 zones)
Yalta Conference
When Gamal A. Nasser of Egypt seized control of this Canal from GB and France, GB and France invaded Egypt with help from Israel, US was excluded and denounced it, hurt Anglo-American relations, GB/France/Israel eventually withdrew
Suez Canal crisis
First female English PM from 1979-1990, the Irony Lady, member of Conservative party (Tories), stressed private enterprise and attacked socialism and the welfare state, popularity soared after Falklands war, but forced to resign when she no longer led her party
Margaret Thatcher
Third Reich was supposed to be the Third Empire, what were the first two?
The Holy Roman Empire 962-1806 (started by Charlemagne) and the German Empire 1871-1918 (started by Otto von Bismark)
This ended the thirty year’s war, no real winner/loser, but it did determine that ____
Peace of Westphalia (German town), German states could be Catholic or Protestant at the choice of their rulers, made the Holy Roman Emperor pretty much powerless
Russian revolutiony leader, but supported worldwide communist revolution (not just in Soviet Union first), at ends with Lenin and Stalin, Stalin exiled him in 1927 and killed in Mexico City in 1940
Leon Trotsky
The name for our victories in Europe and Japan
V-E Day and V-J Day
The government of France after Germany occuped them in WW II 1942-1944, a puppet govmt for the Germans
Vichy (named after Vichy, a small city in central France was named the capital)
During WW II, ___ led the Vichy govmt (after the war he was tried for treason for collaborating with Hitler and sent to prison for life), while ___ led the Free French
Marshall Henri Petain, Charles de Gaulle
known for her prudeness on personal moral issues
Queen Victoria
Conference of European nations held in 1815 after Napoleon was defeated, redrew the boundaries of Europe
Congress of Vienna
South Vietnamese communist revolutionaries during the Vietnam War that used more guerrilla type warfare than the North Vietnamese army
Viet cong
military campaigned launched by North Vietnam in 1968, was very successful, named after Vietnamese Lunar New Year
Tet Offensive
Leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910, bandit, folk hero, governror of Mexican state of Chihuahua, U.S. (Pres. Wilson sent Gen. Pershing) sent in forces after him and almost went to war with Mexico when he raided Columbus, New Mexico
Pancho Villa
Polish labor leader of a Labor Union called “Solidarity”, president of Poland 1990-1995, won Nobel Peace Prize in 1983
Lech Walesa
acts committed by soldiers or govmt officials during war that violate the customs of warfare (e.g the Nuremberg Trials)
war crimes
British Field Marshal ____ defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
common name for the democratic govmt of Germany between the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II after WW I and Hitler in 1933, abolished all constitutional monarchies, govmt was unpopular because Treaty of Versailles was killing Germany
Weimar Republic, Weimar was where the constitution was drawn up
____ became ____ when he abdicated the throne in 1936 to marry _____
King Edward VIII, Duke of Windsor, Wallis Simpson
term for American foot soldiers in WW I
doughboys
Russian president 1991-1999, led opposition to attempted coup by communists in 1991 and took over for Mikhail Gorbachev, saw Russia transition from central planning to more privatized, succeeded by Vladimir Putin
Boris Yeltsin