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Body Structures TAP > 01a: Intro > Flashcards

01a: Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Skin and superficial fascia are part of (external shell/internal cavities).

A

External shell

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2
Q

Axial skeleton/ribs are part of (external shell/internal cavities).

A

External shell

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3
Q

Thoracic cavity is part of (external shell/internal cavities).

A

Internal cavites

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4
Q

Pelvis is part of (external shell/internal cavities).

A

Internal cavities

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5
Q

Diaphragm part of (external shell/internal cavities).

A

External shell

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6
Q

Mediastinum is part of (external shell/internal cavities).

A

Internal (thoracic) cavity

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7
Q

Muscles of thoracic/abdominal walls are part of (external shell/internal cavities).

A

External shell

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8
Q

The (X) pattern of (Y) along (Z) axis of body in embryo dictates fundamental pattern of trunk.

A 
X = repeating
Y = somites
Z= cranial-caudal
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9
Q

Muscles develop of (X) regions of (Y) in embryo.

A 
X = myotome
Y = somite
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10
Q

Bones, like vertebrae/ribs, develop of (X) regions of (Y) in embryo.

A 
X = sclerotome
Y = somite
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11
Q

Associated cartilage of ribs/vertebrae develops of (X) regions of (Y) in embryo.

A 
X = sclerotome
Y = somite
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12
Q

Skin develops of (X) regions of (Y) in embryo.

A 
X = dermatome
Y = somite
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13
Q

Nerves develop from which region of somite?

A

Don’t develop from somite, but grow into territories dictated by somatic pattern

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14
Q

Blood vessels develop from which region of somite?

A

Don’t develop from somite, but grow into territories dictated by somatic pattern

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15
Q

Mobile viscera are typically enclosed in (X). Less mobile viscera are located in/against (Y).

A 
X = serous membrane
Y = posterior body wall
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16
Q

External musculoskeletal shell will receive general (somatic/visceral) motor innervation from (X).

A

General somatic;

X = ventral primary rami of spinal nerves

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17
Q

Describe characteristics of general somatic (afferent/efferent) sensation.

A

Afferent;

Sharp and well-localized along that dermatome

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18
Q

Visceral innervated by (X) system, a division of (Y) system that typically operates (with/without) conscious control.

A

X = Autonomic NS
Y = Peripheral NS
Without

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19
Q

Describe characteristics of general visceral (afferent/efferent) sensation.

A

Afferent;

Vague, widely-distributed

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20
Q

The (X) system is divided into two distinct subdivisions, which are (Y) for fight/flight and (Z) for rest/digest.

A 
X = autonomic
Y = sympathetic
Z = parasympathetic
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21
Q

Sympathetic nerves originate from which part(s) of SC?

A

Thoracolumbar

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22
Q

Parasympathetic nerves originate from which part(s) of SC?

A

Craniosacral

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23
Q

T/F: All sympathetic nerves pass from SC to sympathetic trunk, where they synapse.

A

False - all pass through, but may/may not synapse

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24
Q

(X) nerve(s) is/are parasympathetic and cranial in origin.

A

X = vagus

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25
Q

(X) nerve(s) is/are parasympathetic and sacral in origin.

A

X = splanchnic

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26
Q

In the trunk, parasympathetic nerves synapse in ganglia located where?

A

Walls of target organs

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27
Q

Belly button formally called:

A

Umbilicus

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28
Q

Quadrant system is designated by which planes?

A
  1. Medial plane (vertical through umbilicus)

2. Horizontal transumbilical plane

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29
Q

Region system is designated by which planes?

A
  1. Two vertical midclavicular lines
  2. Horizontal subcostal line
  3. Horizontal transtubercular line
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30
Q

The breasts are specialized region of (X) that contains (Y) in (Z) tissue.

A 
X = thoracic wall
Y = mammary glands
Z = subcutaneous
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31
Q

T/F: Mammary glands exist in males and females.

A

True

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32
Q

Breast extends vertically from (X) to (Y).

A 
X = rib 2
Y = rib 6
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33
Q

Breast extends horizontally from (X) to (Y).

A 
X = lateral border of sternum
Y = midaxillary line
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34
Q

The (X) tail of the breast reaches (Y).

A 
X = axillary
Y = into the axilla
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35
Q

Suspensory, aka (X), ligaments in breast function to:

A

X = Cooper’s

Attach mammary gland to dermis of overlying skin and underlying deep fascia (of pec major)

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36
Q

There are (X) number of lobules of glandular tissue in breast. Each drains into a (Y), and these converge on the (Z).

A 
X = 15-20
Y = lactiferous duct
Z = nipple
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37
Q

Where (be exact) does milk collect in the breast?

A

Lactiferous sinus (just deep to areola)

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38
Q

In males, the nipple is located at dermatome (X). In females, it’s located at dermatome (Y).

A

X = Y = T4

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39
Q

T/F: There is no hair on the nipple.

A

True

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40
Q

T/F: There is fat and glands in area of nipple.

A

False

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41
Q

T/F: There is muscle in nipple.

A

True - circular smooth muscle

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42
Q

Why might smooth muscle in (X) area of breast be important?

A

X = nipple

Compresses lactiferous ducts during lactation

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43
Q

(X) glands are located in (Y) part of breast and secrete oily substance during pregnancy/nursing.

A 
X = Sebaceous 
Y = areola
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44
Q

Arterial supply of breast.

A

Laterally:

  1. Mammary branches from posterior intercostal arteries
  2. Thoracodorsal and lateral pectoral arteris

Anteriorly: Perforating branches of internal thoracic artery

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45
Q

Nerve innervation to breast.

A

T3-T5 intercostal nerves

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46
Q

There are (X) number of superficial and (Y) number of deep lymphatic plexi within the breast.

A

X = Y = 2

47
Q

The lymphatic plexi within breast drain through (X) vessels, preferentially toward (Y). What’s the exception?

A 
X = efferent
Y = axillary lymph nodes

Deep lymphatic plexi may drain to parasternal (internal thoracic) nodes

48
Q

There are (X) true ribs and (Y) false ribs.

A 
X = 7
Y = 5
49
Q

(Most/all) True ribs attach to (X) via (Y). Name exceptions, if any exist.

A

All;
X = sternum
Y = costal cartilages

50
Q

(Most/all) False ribs attach to (X) via (Y). Name exceptions, if any exist.

A

Most;
X = sternum
Y = cartilage of most inferior true rib

Ribs 11-12 are “floating” and have no anterior attachments

51
Q

Fifth intercostal space is between which two ribs?

A

Ribs 5 and 6

52
Q

7th rib will articulate posteriorly with which processes (be specific)?

A
  1. Head articulates with bodies of both T7 and T6

2. Tubercle articulates with transverse process of T7

53
Q

List muscles in intercostal space, from superficial to deep.

A
  1. External intercostals
  2. Internal intercostals
  3. Innermost intercostals
54
Q

Which structures can be found running in intercostal spaces, between (X) and (Y) muscles?

A 
X = internal intercostals
Y = innermost intercostals

Intercostal nerve, artery, vein

55
Q

The (X) provides attachment for diaphragm, which protrudes upward for what reason?

A

X = inferior thoracic aperature

To allow protection of upper abdominal viscera by thoracic cage

56
Q

What forms the costal margin?

A

Continuous articulated cartilages of ribs 7-10

57
Q

The boundary that separates thoracic and abdominal cavities is:

A

the diaphragm

58
Q

When diaphragm muscles contract, they pull (upward/downward) on:

A

Downward;

Central tendon

59
Q

List the hiatuses in diaphragm, from anterior to posterior.

A
  1. IVC
  2. Esophagus
  3. Aorta
60
Q

List the hiatuses (and their approximate vertebral location) in diaphragm, from superior to inferior.

A
  1. IVC (T8)
  2. Esophagus (T10)
  3. Aorta (T12)
61
Q

Which hiatus(es) in diaphragm is/are located in the muscle itself. Provide explanation.

A

Esophogus; When diaphragm contracts, hiatus closes to prevent food from shooting back up

62
Q

List mechanisms to increase thoracic volume during (inspiration/expiration).

A

Inspiration;

  1. Lower diaphragm via contraction
  2. Increase A/P diameter by raising ribs/sternum
  3. Increase M/L diameter by raising ribs
63
Q

Quiet breathing mainly involves action of:

A

Diaphragm contraction during inspiration; diaphragm and intercostal muscles passively recoil during expiration

64
Q

At the end of expiration, pressure in volume is (lower/higher) than before expiration.

A

Higher (lower volume)

65
Q

List muscles involved in forced inspiration.

A
  1. Diaphragm
  2. External intercostals (raise lower ribs)
  3. Scalenes and SCM (raise upper ribs)
66
Q

List muscles involved in forced expiration.

A

Diaphragm recoils; abdominals aid in recoil (contract to increase abdominal pressure and push diaphragm up)

67
Q

T/F: The diaphragm is considered part of the body wall structures.

A

True

68
Q

Superior surface of diaphragm vascular supply.

A
  1. Superior phrenic artery

2. Musculophrenic and pericardiophrenic

69
Q

Superior phrenic artery is branch off of:

A

Aorta

70
Q

Musculophrenic artery branches off of:

A

Internal thoracic artery

71
Q

Pericardiophrenic artery branches off of:

A

Internal thoracic artery

72
Q

Inferior surface of diaphragm vascular supply.

A

Inferior phrenic artery

73
Q

Inferior phrenic artery is branch off of:

A

Aorta

74
Q

(Above/below) which structure does abdominal (X) fascia become divided into two distinct layers? Star the deeper layer.

A

Below umbilicus;
X = superficial

  1. Campers (fatty) layer
  2. Scarpas (membranous) layer*
75
Q

List the lateral abdominal muscles, from superficial to deep.

A
  1. External obliques
  2. Internal obliques
  3. Transversus abdominus
76
Q

The inguinal ligament is formed from (X) and connects (Y).

A 
X = inferior border of external obliques
Y = ASIS to pubic tubercle
77
Q

Trasversus abdominus fibers run in which direction?

A

Horizontally

78
Q

(X) exists between transversus abdominus and peritoneum.

A

X = transversalis fascia

79
Q

The abdominal muscles function in:

A
  1. Respiration
  2. Protection
  3. Postural support
80
Q

Posterior abdomen contains which key muscles?

A
  1. Quadratus lumborum

2. Psoas major and minor

81
Q

Quadratus lumborum attaches to (X) and has which actions?

A

X = ribs and iliac crest

  1. Aids in respiration
  2. Hip hike (lateral flexion of trunk)
82
Q

Running vertically down the center of the abdomen is the (X), which is simply an area of thick (Y).

A 
X = linea alba
Y = tendon
83
Q

Rectus sheath is formed by:

A

Aponeuroses of abdominal wall muscles (interlaced)

84
Q

How does the path of aponeurosis fibers in abdomen differ above and below (X)?

A

X = arcuate line

Above: some fibers pass anterior and some posterior to rectus abdominus
Below: all three fibers pass anterior to rectus abdominus

85
Q

The rectus sheath contains:

A
  1. Rectus abdominus

2. Epigastric vessels

86
Q

The inguinal ligament holds structures that pass from (X) to (Y) against the body during which action?

A 
X = trunk
Y = lower limb

Hip flexion

87
Q

During male development, testes descend from (X) to (Y) by piercing (Z) layer(s).

A 
X = abdominal cavity
Y = scrotum

No layers pierced - just stretched out.

88
Q

Internal opening of inguinal canal is called (X) and formed by (Y).

A 
X = deep inguinal ring
Y = gap in transversalis fascia
89
Q

External opening of inguinal canal is called (X) and formed by (Y).

A 
X = superficial inguinal ring
Y = gap in external oblique fibers
90
Q

In scrotum/spermatic cord, external abdominal oblique aponeurosis becomes (X) and muscle becomes (Y).

A

X = External spermatic fascia

Muscle not pulled into scrotum

91
Q

In scrotum/spermatic cord, internal abdominal oblique aponeurosis becomes (X) and muscle becomes (Y).

A 
X = cremasteric fascia
Y = cremaster muscle
92
Q

In scrotum/spermatic cord, transversus abdominus muscle becomes (X) and transversalis fascia becomes (Y).

A 
X = nothing.. canal is inferior to muscle (which ends inferiorly by joining transversalis fascia)
Y = internal spermatic fascia
93
Q

Internal epigastric vessels are (medial/lateral) to deep inguinal ring.

A

Medial

94
Q

(Increase/decrease) in intra-abdominal pressure will decrease likelihood of herniation. Why?

A

Increase;

Pressure will force posterior wall of inguinal canal against its anterior wall (due to its oblique path), strengthening the complex

95
Q

(X) is a small area of potential weakness in abdominal wall, only reinforced posteriorly by (Y). It’s especially vulnerable to (Z).

A 
X = inguinal (Hasselbach's) Triangle
Y = transversalis fascia
Z = hernias
96
Q

Borders of Inguinal triangle

A
  1. Lateral side of rectus abdominus
  2. Inguinal ligament
  3. Inferior epigastric vessels
97
Q

Indirect inguinal hernia, commonly (congenital/acquired), occurs when loops of intestine herniate through (X). (Y) vessels are (medial/lateral) to hernia.

A

Congenital;
X = inguinal canal
Y = inferior epigastric
Medial

98
Q

Direct inguinal hernia, commonly (congenital/acquired), occurs when loops of intestine herniate through (X). (Y) vessels are (medial/lateral) to hernia.

A

Acquired;
X = inguinal triangle
Y = inferior epigastric
Lateral

99
Q

T/F: In a direct hernia, intestines rarely enter the scrotum.

A

True

100
Q

In general, vessels in the trunk wall originate from or drain to (vertically/horizontally)-oriented vessels located (anteriorly/posteriorly).

A

Vertically;

Both anteriorly and posteriorly

101
Q

T/F: Neurovascular structures traveling in intercostal space supply underlying parietal pleura/peritoneum.

A

True

102
Q

Neurovascular structures running within intercostal space travel (superior/inferior) to (lower/upper) rib, within (X) of rib.

A

Inferior; upper

X = costal groove

103
Q

Trunk wall nerves supply (sensory/motor) to:

A

Motor to body wall muscles and sensory to overlying skin

104
Q

List the nerve fiber types found in trunk wall.

A
  1. General somatic afferent AND efferent

2. General visceral efferent (sympathetic) (ex: sweat glands)

105
Q

Intercostal nerves have (X) and (Y) cutaneous branches that further split into:

A 
X = Lateral (A/P branches)
Y = Anterior (M/L branches)
106
Q

Umbilicus is typically at which corresponding segment of SC?

A

T10

107
Q

There are (X)-oriented arteries along midline of thorax.

A

X = vertically

108
Q

There are (X)-oriented arteries along lateral walls of thorax.

A

X = oblique

109
Q

Internal thoracic artery runs along (anterior/posterior/lateral) wall of thorax. It’s a branch off of:

A

Anterior (midline);

Subclavian

110
Q

Once internal thoracic artery passes (X), it becomes:

A

X = diaphragm

Superior epigastric

111
Q

Anterior intercostal arteries are branches from:

A

Internal thoracic artery

112
Q

Superior epigastric artery anastamosis with (X), a branch off of (Y).

A 
X = inferior epigastric
Y = external iliac artery
113
Q

Veins in right thoracic region drain into (X), which drains into (Y).

A 
X = azygous vein
Y = superior vena cava
114
Q

Veins in left thoracic region drain into (X), which drains into (Y).

A 
X = hemiazygous and accessory hemiazygous veins
Y = azygous vein

Body Structures TAP (12 decks)

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