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CLASP - Cancer > 1/2/3 - Malignany terms, Nutrition > Flashcards

1/2/3 - Malignany terms, Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number due to a stimulus

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2
Q

hyperplasia may continue without the original stimulus

A

no

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3
Q

t/f high risk of neoplastic transformation in hyperplasi

A

false

- low risk

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4
Q

examples of physiological hyperplasia

A

endometrial lining of uterus
liver regeneration post resection
in testes - spermys

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5
Q

define hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size not number

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6
Q

2 examples of hypertrophy

A

skeletal muscle

cardiac muscle

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7
Q

hypertension and increased TPR (total peripheral resistance) leads to

A

hypertrophy

may be physiological/pathological

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8
Q

pathological hyperrophy of heart

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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9
Q

other than HT/TPR, what else can cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Aortic Stenosis

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10
Q

atrophy requires a stimulus t/f

A

false

occurs due to absence of stimulus

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11
Q

examples of atrophy

A

hormonal/ mechanical

nerve damage, loss of innervation

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12
Q

metaplasia is

A

the reversible change from one mature cell type to another mature cell

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13
Q

2 examples of metaplasia

A

Barrets - squamous to glandular columnar epithelium (Adenocarcinoma)
Smoking causing change from pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium to squamous epithelium in bronchus

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14
Q

neoplasia is

A

new growth

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15
Q

neoplasia is always malignant

A

no

either not malignant, premalignant (dysplastic but still benign) or malignant (invasive)

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16
Q

example of a benign/ malignant neoplasia

A

benign - squamous papilloma

malignant - squamous dysplasia - leads to carcinoma-in-situ

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17
Q

when is a growth considered malignant

A

when there is metastatic potential

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18
Q

dysplasi

A

disordered growth

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19
Q

dysplasia is always malignant

A

no

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20
Q

when is a dysplasia considered malignant

A

when in develops through membrane or invades surrounding tissue

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21
Q

cancer uses what protein to eat surrounding tissues and invade

A

matrix metalloproteinases

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22
Q

pleomorphism is when

A

all the cells in a sample look different

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23
Q

stratified

A

loooks like it has layers, but each cell is connected to basement membrane

24
Q

a cell is defined as stellate is it has a ____ ___ shape

A

star like

25
Q

stellate implies

A

infection/cancer

26
Q

pathology - diffusely firm indicates

A

spread out hardness

27
Q

if a sample is described as diffusely firm it is likely to be cancer

A

no

neoplasm unlikely to occur over whole organ

28
Q

what is likely to cause a tissue to become diffusely firm?

A

infection

defiency

29
Q

cyst

A

a fluid pouch lined by epithelium

30
Q

pseudocysts are associateed with

A

pancreatitis

31
Q

poorly defined, heaped rolled edges indicates

A

cancer

32
Q

where are gastric ulcers more common

A

greater curvature

33
Q

high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio indicates

A

cancer/malignany

34
Q

signet rings

A

nucleus pushed to the side, mucin producing

35
Q

what type of cancer would produce signet rings

A

adenocarcinoma

36
Q

assymetrical atrophy is seen in

A

nerve damage

37
Q

a benign mass would be described as

A

smooth border

round

38
Q

infection is unlikely to have a nice edge, what term would be uused to describe this (radiology))

A

consolidation

39
Q

why is there white spots observed on a patients pancreas when they have pancreatitis

A

inflamed - pancreas releases enzymes, lipase eats away at it

40
Q

a mass on the lesser curvature of the stomach is more likely tobe malignant t/f q

A

true

41
Q

t/f high calorie foood and sugary drinks lead to cancer

A

no

causes obesity which predisposes to cancer

42
Q

t/f breastfeeding can reduce breast cancer

A

true

43
Q

fruit can protect against lung cancer, how

A

antioxidant capacity

carotenoids in low conc. include b-carotene which shown to reduce cancer rates by about 20%

44
Q

t/f supplements of b-carotene are beneficial in reducing cancer risks

A

false

high conc can increase risk (20-30mg/d)

45
Q

diets high in dairy and calcium have been shown to reduce risk of ____ ___ but increase risk of ____ ____

A

colorectal cancer

prostate cancer

46
Q

alcohol can cause 5

A 
mouth
oesophageal
bowel
liver 
breast cancers
47
Q

mechanisms of alcohol and cancer:
_____- makes it easier for _____ to enter cells, as it _____ the linings. Combined effect with _____, increases risk of breast cancer. Defiencies in _____ _____ makes tissue susceptible to ______. ____ acts as a synergistic carcinogen with tobacco, makes it easier for tobacco toxins to ___ ____

A

mechanisms of alcohol and cancer:
Solvents makes it easier for carcinogens to enter cells, as it weakens the linings. Combined effect with oestrogen, increases risk of breast cancer. Defiencies in essential nutrients makes tissue susceptible to damage.
Alcohol acts as a synergistic carcinogen with tobacco, makes it easier for tobacco toxins to enter cells

48
Q

acrylamide

A

substance found in potatoes and browned foods (starchy produce)

49
Q

acrylamide has shown to have a genotoxic effect and is a probable human carcinogen, when does it occur

A

naturally in foods cooked at >120degrees

50
Q

physical inactivity predisposes to what 3 cancaers

A

colorectal
breast
endometrial

51
Q

eating salt increases chance of

A

gastric cancer

52
Q

eating processed and red meats may lead to

A

stomach/bowel cancer

53
Q

3 biggest risks for lung cancer

A

smoking obviously
occupational
ionising radiation

54
Q

associated cancers of alcoholism

A 
oral 
pharynx/larynx 
breast 
oesophageal 
gastric 
liver
55
Q

t/f keeping potatoes in fridge increases risk of accrylamide

A

true

56
Q

screenings are done for what 3 cancers

A

bowel (m/w)
breast (w)
cervical (w)

CLASP - Cancer (4 decks)

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