1. Sources of drugs in veterinary medicine Storage, stability, sales of drugs Flashcards

1
Q

How can we use drugs in therapy?

A

Therapy :

  • Individual therapy
  • Mass medication (animal production)
  • Causative treatment (the virus, bacterial inflammation)
  • Symptomatic (palliative) treatment
  • Substitution therapy (insulin, thyroid)
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2
Q

DRUG USAGE

A
  1. THERAPY
  2. PREVENTION (PROPHYLAXIS)
  3. METAPHYLAXIS
  4. GROWTH PROMOTION
  5. DIAGNOSIS EX JUVANTIBUS
  6. EUTHANASIA
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3
Q

SOURCES OF DRUGS

A

Veterinary authorised medicines:

  • Non immunological drugs
  • Immunologicals (vaccines, serums, diagnostics)

Human authorised medicines
-Official (Pharmacopoeias) and Prepared medicines

Other:

  • Biocides (disinfectants, insecticides, rodenticides)
  • Complementary products (vitamins, minerals, natural, herbal etc.)
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4
Q

Who has the responsability of the veterinary authorised medicines?

A

In the EU - EMA has the responsability. Both on the international and national level. (European Medicines Agency)

In the US - FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration

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5
Q

1.Why do we use the drug cascade?

A
  1. If no vet drugs are avalible we treat animals with the drug cascade.
    1st- other indications (for other diseases
    2nd- other species

3rd-human medicine

4th-offical or prepared medicine

THEN off label medicine: owner must be informed, written form and agreement must be made if the treatment fails. (Used for horses or dogs mostly)

-failure to treat animals according to the cascade is a criminal offense

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6
Q

CLASSIFICATION of VETERINARY MEDICAL PRODUCTS I.

A
  1. Authorised Veterinary Medicine – General Sales List; (AVM-GSL)
    - can be sold without any restrictions (shops, gas stations, pharmacies, veterinarians etc.) - Ø prescription - can be advertised to the general public. (ticks)
  2. Non-Food Animal – Veterinarian, Pharmacist, Suitably Qualified Person (SQP); (NFA-VPS)
    - can be sold only in pharmacies (over the counter) by the veterinarian or registered SQP) - more toxic, but no prescription is needed- can be advertised to the general public.
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7
Q

CLASSIFICATION of VETERINARY MEDICAL PRODUCTS II.

A
  1. Prescription-only Medicine – Veterinarian (POM-V)
    - can be sold in the pharmacies only (with a valid prescription!! ↔ physician, vet) - can be sold by the veterinarian (animal under his/her care)
    - Controlled drugs (CD) (cannabis ect.) - 5 schedules
  2. Prescription-only Medicine – Veterinarian, Pharmacist, Suitably Qualified Person (POM-VPS)
    - Prescriptions can also be written by a pharmacist or a SQP operating from premises registered with the VMD (The Veterinary Medicines Directorate) - mainly for food producing animals, medicines for prevention (e.g. antiparasitics, vaccines) - animal does not have to be under the prescriber’s care - can be advertised to the general public.
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8
Q

CLASSIFICATION of VETERINARY MEDICAL PRODUCTS III.

A

Additional categories:

  • Exemption for Small Pet Animals (ESPA) products -for minor species of small animals -can be sold without any restrictions
  • Homeopathic remedies - “like cures like” - very small dose, high dilution, harmless - very safe.
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9
Q

CLASSIFICATION of HUMAN MEDICAL PRODUCTS

A

General sales list medicines (GSL)

Pharmacy medicines (P)

Prescription only medicines (POM)

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10
Q

Why Prescription?

A
  • Can be toxic, therapeutic index
  • global impact (e.g. antibiotics)
  • hazard of abusal or addiction (CD-s)

The vet writes – „animal under his/her care” So he/she is responsably.

The vet must see the animal or herd, the vet must acquire an accurate picture of the health state of the animal or herd.

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11
Q

STORAGE CONDITIONS OF DRUGS

A

Room temp: 25-30,

Refrigerated temperature 2-8,

deep frozen <-15,

should not kept frozen >-2.

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12
Q
  1. What can you add to medicines to keep them stabile?
  2. Toxicity can be increased:
A
  • Vitamin C (T, metal ions, light, pH)
  • Vitamin B1 (T, pH)
  • Vitamin B2 (light)
  • Clavulanic acid (humidity, metal ions, pH)

Toxicity can be increased:

  • Tetracyclines -anhydrotetracyclines
  • Diazinon –> diazoxon

Rifampicin –> potent. allergic reactions (eg. eyedrop -15°C, 1 month)

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13
Q

EXPIRATION

A
  • At least 95% of the active ingredient is guaranteed before expiration
  • authorized veterinary/human medicine usually 2-5 years
  • Immunological products, eyedrops – shorter
  • prepared in store medicine: days - months
  • proper definition (year, month)
  • multiple dose injections, eye drops, eye ointments - after opening max. 28 days!

But! e.g. propofol (anesthethics) - bacterial infection can happen after only one day- sepsis.

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14
Q

Desribe the use of drugs as prevention (prophylaxis):

A
  • We can use drugs as prevention in surgery to prevent infection when opening up the gut or peritoneum.
  • Spot-on is used to prevent ticks and vectors.
  • Vaccines are also prophylaxis.
  • Chemo-prophylaxis –> prevention without antibiotics.
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15
Q

How do we use drugs metaphylaxis?

A

-It is used on the whole populations, not also the animals showing symptoms. Everyone will be treated - symptomatic or not.

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16
Q

How is drugs used in growth promotion?

A

Allowed:
-vitamin mixes and minerals are used

NOT ALLOWED:
Antibiotics
GH
B2-AGONISTS

ALLOWED:
probiotics (laxobacili og bifidobacteria)
prebiotics (pos,gos,mos)
synbiotics (pre og pro) instead. T

  • Traces of antibiotics can be very dangerous.
  • Hormones are druging when it comes to race animals.
17
Q

Explain the catagory of drug usage: diagnosis ex juvatibus

A

Diagnosis ex juvantibus:

  • give medicine to animals for a disease you suspect, if animal gets healthy you know it was the right disease.
  • OMNIPAQUE- a “contrast media” for diagnostic use. Used for X-ray examinations in many different parts of the body. It can make it easier to find and see abnormalities, and improves the diagnostic information needed.
  • Dexamethasone- The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) is used to assess adrenal gland function by measuring how cortisol levels change in response to an injection of dexamethasone. It is typically used to diagnose Cushing’s syndrome.
18
Q

What is the main differences between real drugs and drug-like substances?

A
  • Real drugs are expensisve, they take more time to make and can be used in more areas or more diseases. Authorised people are allowed to deal with it, it can be lisenced or non-lisenced.
  • Drug-like substances are easy. shorter and non authorized people can use it.
19
Q

Which sources of drugs do we have?

A

We have:

  1. Veterinary authorised medicines :
    - Non immunological drugs
    - Immunologicals (vaccines, serums, diagnostics)
  2. Human authorised medicines
  3. Official (Pharmacopoeias) and Prepared medicines
  4. Biocides (disinfectants, insecticides, rodenticides)
  5. Complementary products (vitamins, minerals, natural, herbal etc.)
20
Q

VETERINARY AUTHORISED MEDICINES

A
  • Unique name, dose form, package
  • Target animal species + indication!
  • Efficacy and safety in target animals

-Withdrawal period (WP)

21
Q

Withdrawal periods:

A

Eggs: 7 days

Milk: 7 days

Meat: 28 days

Fish: 500 degree days (500/10 temp = days)

horses: 6 months

WP might be different for different drugs.