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Biology - Module 3/4 > 3.1, 3.2Exchange surfaces/transport in animals > Flashcards

3.1, 3.2Exchange surfaces/transport in animals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vena cava?

A

Artery taking deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.

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2
Q

What is the aorta?

A

Artery taking oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.

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3
Q

What is the pulmonary artery?

A

Transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

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4
Q

What is the pulmonary vein?

A

Takes oygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

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5
Q

What is the name of the wall in the heart seperating the left and right ventrical?

A

The ventricular septum

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6
Q

What is the name of the valves letting blood into the heart.

A

atrio-ventricular valve

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7
Q

What is the name of the valves letting blood out of the heart?

A

semi-lunar valve

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8
Q

What isthe name of the arteries wrapping around the heart which supply it with oxygen?

A

Coronary arteries

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9
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

A slow heart ryhthm

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10
Q

What is fibrillation?

A

uncoordinated contraction of the atria and ventricles.

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11
Q

What is myogenic muscle?

A

muscle which can initiate its own contraction

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12
Q

What is sino-atrial node (SAN)

A

Its a small patch of tissue that sends out electrical impulses to initiate contractions, its the heart pacemaker.

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13
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

A fast heart rhythem

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14
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

When the atrium beats more frequently than the ventricles.

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15
Q

What is an Ectopic heart beat?

A

An extra or early beat of the ventricles.

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16
Q

What is the name of the machine used to measure lung volume?

A

Spirometer

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17
Q

What safety measures need to be taken when using a spirometer?

A
  • fresh soda lime should be used to remove co2
  • make sure subject doesn’t have breathing difficulties
  • there should be no air leaks in the apparatus
  • the mouth peace should be sterilized
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18
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air moved in/out with each breath at rest

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19
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

The maximum volume of air that can be expelled in one breath

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20
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The volume of air left in the lungs when you breath all the way out

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21
Q

how is the elasticity of the alveoli measured?

A

The maximum volume of air you can breath out in 1 second.

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22
Q

Total lung capacity equation

A

vital capacity + residual volume

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23
Q

What is obstructed spirometry?

A

When it takes longer to inhale due to constriction of the airways. It does not affect lung volumes and can be detected by a drop in FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in one second)

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24
Q

What is restrictive spirometry?

A

elasticity due to ageing, and fibrotic diseases.

This results in a lowered FEV1 (max air breathed out in 1 sec) and lower vital capacity.

25
Q

Describe the process by which fish get oxygen?

A

1) Mouth opens
2) buccal chamber expands (widens) to allow more water in
3) mouth closes
4) The opercular valve opens and buccal chamber decreases in size to help force water out the gills
5) Oxygen in the water diffuses across the capillaries into the bloodstream moving in a countercurrent flow.

26
Q

Describe the structure of gills?

A

Several bony arches provide the structure of the gills. The surface area is increased by having a stick like gill filaments on their surface, which are then covered in Toblerone like lamella.

27
Q

What is countercurrent flow and how does is it increase the efficiency of gas exchange?

A

It is the way which blood flows in the opposite direction to the water.

This means there is always a concentration gradient maintained, as the water will always have more oxygen than the blood next to it, meaning diffusion can always occur and extract the most possible oxygen from the water.

28
Q

What fluid is involved in the transportation of gases in an insect?

A

Haemolymph

29
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

Where the body fluid acts as both blood and tissue fluid, and the cells bath in the body fluid, called haemolymph in insects.

30
Q

What type of circulatory system do insects have?

A

Open

31
Q

How does air enter an insects tracheole system?

A

Through tiny pores called spiracles.

32
Q

How do insects respire?

A

1) Air enters through spiricals
2) Air is transported into the body via trachae and tracheoles
3) oxygen diffuses between the air in the tracheole and the tracheal fluid, as well as a bit across the thin tracheole walls

33
Q

What happens in the tracheoles of an insect when it is active?

A

The tracheole fluid is withdrawn to allow more room for diffusion across the tracheole walls.

34
Q

How does ventilation aid insects respiration?

A
  • air sacs can be expanded and squeezed by the action of flight muscles
  • some insects, the volume of the thorax is also altered by the movement of the wings
  • some insects such as locusts alter the volume of their abdomen by breathing movements and sync this with opening and closing of their spiracles.
35
Q

How do insects prevent drying out?

A
  • Have a thick waterproof waxy cuticle
  • spiracles close when not respiring
  • small SA:V ratio
36
Q

What happens in atrial systole?

A

This is when the atrium contracts.

1) atrium contracts
2) pressure increases
3) blood flows into the ventricle to equalise the pressure
4) as the pressure in atrium reduces, the atrioventricular valves shut

37
Q

What happens in ventricular systole?

A

This is when the ventricle contracts

1) Ventricle contracts
2) pressure in ventricle increases
3) semi-lunar valves open
4) blood flows into the arteries to equalise pressure.

38
Q

What happens in diastole?

A

This is when the walls relax and the pressure reduces

1) Elastic walls of the ventricle and atrium relax
2) blood flows into the atrium and through to the ventricle
3) tendons prevent valves from inverting

39
Q

Why does the heart contract from the bottom upwards?

A

So that the blood is pushed towards the correct valves.

40
Q

What is the purpose of the sino-atrial node and the atrial-ventricular node?

A

They are the pacemakers of the heart and coordinate the timing

41
Q

What is the wave of excitation?

A

The electrical wave which causes the muscle to contract.

42
Q

What is the purpose of the non-conductive tissue in the heart?

A

It cannot conduct the wave of excitation, so prevents the wave from the sino-atrial node from causing the ventricle to contract in the wrong time and wrong direction.

43
Q

What is the purpose of the septum in coordinating heartbeats?

A

It conducts the wave of excitation from the atrio-ventricular node down to the bottom so that the ventricle contracts from the bottom up.

44
Q

Where is the sino-atrial node located?

A

In the top left of the right atrium

45
Q

Where is the atrio-ventricular node located?

A

At the top of the septum

46
Q

What is purkyne tissue?

A

Superconductive tissue towards the base of the septum, to encourage the wave of excitation to move down the septum.

47
Q

What does P mean in the PQRST electrocardiogram

A

It shows stimulation of the atrium

48
Q

What does the QRS complex mean in the PQRST electrocardiogram?

A

It shows stimulation of the ventricle

49
Q

What does the T mean in the PQRST electrocardiogram?

A

It shows diastole

50
Q

What causes the atrio-ventricular valves to shut?

A

As pressure increases in the ventricle, blood in the pockets of the valves press against the valves to get back into the area of low pressure, forcing them shut.

51
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by a liquid on its container, in the case of the cardiac cycle, this is the pressure of blood on the capillary walls.

52
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

The pressure created by differences in water potential brought about by dissolved solutes. In the cardiac cycle, plasma proteins lower the water potential inside the capillaries creating a negative pressure.

53
Q

What are the features of a good transport system?

A

What are the features of a good transport system?

54
Q

What are the features of a good transport system?

A

If the oxygen dissociation curve is to the left, haemoglobin associates more readily with oxygen at a lower partial pressure of oxygen. This means that the haemoglobin can load oxygen easier and is useful for organisms in low oxygen environments.

Shift to the left: Gets more oxygen into the blood

55
Q

What does it mean if the oxygen dissociation curve of an organism is shifted to the right?

A

If the oxygen dissociation curve is to the right, then haemoglobin dissociates with oxygen more readily in high partial pressures of oxygen. This means haemoglobin can unload the oxygen easier and quicker, to be used by the respiring muscles. This is useful for organisms which are respiring more.

56
Q

Where does blood plasma leave the capillary and where does it re enter?

A

Plasma leaves at the arteriole end.

Plasma enters at the venous end.

57
Q

Describe the effects of pressure on the movement of tissue fluid.

A

Oncotic pressure
This is pulling the tissue fluid into the capillary

Hydrostatic pressure
This is pulling the fluid back into the capillaries

The hydrostatic pressure is stronger at the arteriole end as it is closer to the heart, so the pressure is greater. This causes an overall movement of water into the capillary.

The Oncotic pressure is greater at the venous end, so there is a net movement of fluid into the capillary.

58
Q

Where does the tissue fluid go that does not re enter at the venous end?

A

Into the lymphatic system

Biology - Module 3/4 (7 decks)

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