What is the term for producing new organic compounds through sequential chemical reactions?
Organic synthesis
It often involves multiple reaction steps to build complex molecules.
Why do chemists aim to design organic syntheses without using solvents?
Reduce hazards and waste.
This is because solvents can often be toxic, and they need to be removed after the reaction, leading to waste.
Fill in the blank:
Chemists aim to use starting materials that are _____-_____ to make organic synthesis safer.
non-hazardous
Safer reagents minimise risk to workers and the environment.
True or False:
A multi-step synthesis is more efficient if it has fewer steps and high atom economy.
True
Fewer steps reduce waste, cost, and energy use.
What is meant by “percentage atom economy”?
Proportion of atoms in the reactants incorporated into the product.
High atom economy means fewer atoms are wasted as by-products.
True or False:
Organic syntheses can be planned using any reactions, not just those included in the specification.
False
Students are expected to use reactions from the specification.
Fill in the blank:
An efficient synthesis is one that maximises ______ economy.
atom
Maximising atom economy minimises waste.
What is the maximum number of steps students should consider in devising a synthesis in this specification?
Four
Multi-step syntheses up to four reactions are expected.
True or False:
Solvent-free and non-hazardous starting materials are considerations in green chemistry.
True
They make chemical processes safer and more sustainable.
Fill in the blank:
Multi-step organic syntheses involve planning sequences of reactions to form the ______ compound.
target
The target compound is the final desired product.
Why is planning a synthesis with fewer steps beneficial?
Reduces time, cost, and waste.
Each step consumes reagents, energy, and produces by-products.
What skill is assessed when students devise a multi-step organic synthesis?
Synthetic route planning
They must connect known reactions to form a desired product.
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3.1.1 Atomic structure50
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3.1.2 Amount of substance47
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3.1.3 Bonding90
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3.1.4 Energetics62
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3.1.5 Kinetics55
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3.1.6 Equilibria & Kc24
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3.1.7 Redox equations17
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3.1.8 Thermodynamics27
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3.1.9 Rate equations24
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3.1.10 Kp12
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3.1.11 Electrode potentials46
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3.1.12 Acids and bases69
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3.2.1 Periodicity22
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3.2.2 Group 2 metals24
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3.2.3 Group 7 (halogens)31
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3.2.4 Period 3 oxides35
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3.2.5 Transition metals95
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3.2.6 Ions in aqueous solution39
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3.3.1 Intro to organic chemistry42
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3.3.2 Alkanes49
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3.3.3 Halogenoalkanes36
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3.3.4 Alkenes36
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3.3.5 Alcohols43
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3.3.6 Organic analysis36
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3.3.7 Optical isomerism12
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3.3.8 Aldehydes & ketones20
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3.3.9 Carboxylic acids & derivatives25
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3.3.10 Aromatic chemistry29
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3.3.11 Amines41
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3.3.12 Polymers24
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3.3.13 Amino acids, proteins, DNA61
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3.3.14 Organic synthesis12
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3.3.15 NMR spectroscopy14
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3.3.16 Chromatography12
