Cranium, Scalp, Meninges & Brain Flashcards

1
Q

The bony ___ provides rigid support for the brain

A

cranium

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2
Q

Protective connective tissue membranes called ___ surround and partition portions of the brain

A

meninges

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3
Q

_____ fluid acts as a cushioning fluid

A

cerbrospinal

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier?

A

to prevent entry of harmful materials from the bloodstream

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5
Q

What are the three dense regular CT layers that separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium referred to as?

A

cranial meninges

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6
Q

What is the function of the cranial meninges?

A

enclose and protect blood vessels that supply the brain, contain and circulate CSF

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7
Q

True or false?

Parts of the cranial meninges form some of the veins that drain blood from the brain

A

true

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8
Q

Name the following meninge:

Tough membrane composed of two fibrous layers; strongest of the meninges

A

dura mater

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9
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater?

A

periosteal layer: superficial

meningeal layer: deep

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10
Q

Name the following meninge:

lies immediately internal to the dura mater; partially composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers

A

Arachnoid

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11
Q

Immediately deep to the arachnoid is the ___ space

A

subarachnoid

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12
Q

Name the following cranial meninge:
innermost of the cranial meninges, thin layer of CT that tightly adheres to the brain and follows every contour of the brain surface

A

pia mater

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13
Q

The meningeal layer of the dura mater extends as flat partitions deep into the cranial cavity at four locations called what?

A

cranial dural septa

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14
Q

Name the 4 dura septa

A

falx cerebri; tentorium cerebelli; falx cerebelli; diaphragma selfae

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15
Q

What sinuses are found in the dura septa?

A

superior and inferior sagittal sinuses, the straight sinus, the sigmoid sinus, and the transverse sinus

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16
Q

Where does CSF circulate?

A

in the ventricles and subarachnoid space

17
Q

The CSF bathes the exposed surfaces of the ___ ___ ___ and completely surrounds it

A

central nervous system

18
Q

What 3 important functions does CSF perform?

A

buoyancy
protection
environmental stability

19
Q

What is CSF formed by?

A

choroid plexus in each ventricle

20
Q

What is CSF produced by?

A

secretion of fluid from the ependymal cells that originate from the blood plasma

21
Q

CSF is similar to blood plasma but has some differences in ion concentration. What are the differences?

A

contains more sodium, hydrogen, and calcium; contains less potassium

22
Q

Cavities or expansions within the brain that are derived from the lumen of the embryonic neural tube are called what?

A

brain ventricles

23
Q

Brain ventricles are continuous with one another as well as with the ___ __ of the spinal cord

A

central canal

24
Q

Four ventricles are located in the brain. Describe them.

A

two lateral ventricles are in the cerebrum; within the diencephalon is a smaller ventricle called the third ventricle; the fourth ventricle is located within the pons and cerebellum

25
Q

In regards to the two lateral ventricles in the cerebrum, they are separated by a thin medial partition called what?

A

septum pellucidum

26
Q

CSF flows from the third ventricle through the ___ ___ into the fourth ventricle

A

mesencephalic aquaduct

27
Q

As the CSF flows through the subarachnoid space, it removes waste products and provides ___ to support the brain

A

buoyancy

28
Q

What happens to excess CSF?

A

flows into the arachnoid villi, then drains into the dural venous sinuses

29
Q

True or false?

The greater pressure on the CSF in the subarachnoid space assures that CSF moves into venous sinuses

A

true

30
Q

This condition has been called “water on the brain” and is typically caused by an obstruction in CSF flow that restricts it reabsorption in the venous bloodstream

A

hydrocephalus

31
Q

How is hydrocephalus treated?

A

by inserting a ventriculoperitoneal shunt that drains to the abdominal cavity; or a ventriculostomy that creates a hole in the floor of the third ventricle that drains into the subarachnoid space

32
Q

This prevents exposure of neurons in the brain to drugs, waste products in the blood, and variations in levels of normal substances that could have adverse affect on brain function

A

blood-brain barrier

33
Q

What type of junctions in the blood-brain barrier prevent materials from diffusing across the capillary wall?

A

tight junctions

34
Q

____ act as “gatekeepers” that permit materials to pass to the neurons after leaving the capillaries

A

astrocytes

35
Q

The blood-brain barrier is reduced or missing in three distinct locations in the CNS, what are they?

A

choroid plexus; hypothalamus; pineal gland