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Pharmacy BSI > BSI 2 Lecture 59-60: Pregnancy and Lactation > Flashcards

BSI 2 Lecture 59-60: Pregnancy and Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to the ovum just prior to ovulation?

A

It undergoes meiosis with the release of the first polar body

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2
Q

When the ovum is released and makes it into the fallopian tube, what is responsible for its movement?

A

Estrogen-activated cilia

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3
Q

What stimulates the contractions that aids the travel of sperm?

A

Prostaglandins and oxytocin

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4
Q

What must the sperm do to begin the process of fertilization?

A

Penetrate several layers of granulosa cells and then bind to the zona pellucida

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5
Q

What happens when a sperm cell makes it through the zona pellucida and binds to the membrane of the egg?

A

The egg releases contents of secretory vesicles, and these contents enter the zona pellucida preventing multiple sperm from entering the cell

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6
Q

What happens as soon as the sperm is inside the egg cell?

A

The ovum undergoes the second round of meiosis and ejects the second polar body which allows the sperm and egg to unite

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7
Q

Why is the ovum trapped in the fallopian tube for about 3 days after fertilization?

A

So it has time to become the blastoid

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8
Q

What is responsible for relaxing the contractions at the isthmus once the ovum has become a blastoid?

A

An increase in progesterone from the corpus luteum

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9
Q

Once in the uterus, how long does it take for the ovum to implant?

A

About 1-3 days (5-6 days after ovulation) in order to create an environment necessary for survival

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10
Q

What causes actual implantation?

A

Trophoblast cells of the blastocyst secreting proteolytic enzymes that allow it access and form a secure connection to the endometrium

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11
Q

As soon as the blastocyst attaches, what cells rapidly divide, and what do they form?

A

The trophoblast and other cells divide to form the placenta and uterine membranes

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12
Q

What provides nourishment until the placenta takes over?

A

Progesterone release from the corpus luteum causes endometrial proliferation and release of nourishment

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13
Q

When does the placenta start to provide nourishment?

A

At about 8 weeks until birth

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14
Q

When does the embryonic heart start to beat?

A

After about 16 days

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15
Q

Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen, but how does the amount of hemoglobin in the blood compare to that of the mother?

A

Fetal blood contains about 50% more Hb per unit voume

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16
Q

How does the Bohr effect enhance oxygen delivery to the fetus?

A

There is an increase in CO2 diffusing from fetal blood which lowers the pH of the mother’s blood. The causes the Bohr effect and a rightward shift in the Hb-O2 curve. This causes a decreased affinity between hemoglobin and oxygen allowing the fetus to receive more oxygen

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17
Q

What produces human chorionic gonadotropin?

A

Trophoblast cells surrounding the fertilized egg

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18
Q

What does human chorionic gonadotropin act like?

A

A gonadotropin (specifically LH)

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19
Q

What is the purpose of chorionic gonadotropin?

A

To maintain the corpus luteum until the placenta can take over

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20
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

Progesterone and estrogens to prevent menstruation and to stimulate endometrium growth

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21
Q

What is pregnancy test looking for?

A

Presence of hCG in the urine

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22
Q

When does the placenta take over and allow the corpus luteum to degenerate?

A

About the 12th week (1st trimester)

23
Q

What does hCG do in the male fetus?

A

Stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone which causes growth of male sex organs instead of female

24
Q

What do estrogens do?

A

They cause growth of the uterus but also produce enlargement of the breasts and female genitalia

25
Q

What is a negative aspect to estrogens?

A

They may have proliferative effects which can promote cancer

26
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

It stimulates development of decidual cells which are involved in fetal nutrition, they inhibit uterine contractility and spontaneous abortion, and stimulate uterine and fallopian secretions that maintain the early implanting embryo, and facilitate estrogen’s effects on breast development

27
Q

When and from what is hCS secreted?

A

It is secreted from the placenta after the 5th week

28
Q

What is the function of hCS?

A
  1. May include breast development
  2. Preparation for lactation (similar to prolactin)
  3. Metabolic coordination with mother
29
Q

What happens to the anterior pituitary of the mother during pregnancy?

A

Enlarges 50% and increases production of TSH, ACTH, prolactin, and T4/T3 and cortisol

30
Q

What happens to the thyroid?

A

Enlarges 50% to produce more thyroid hormones

31
Q

What happens to the parathyroid gland?

A

Enlarges because of poor calcium levels in the mother. This causes increased production of PTH, and increased bone reabsorption

32
Q

What happens to FSH and LH?

A

They are suppressed by steroid feedback

33
Q

What happens to aldosterone?

A

Increased secretion leading to increased sodium and water retention which can cause pregnancy-related hypertension

34
Q

What secretes relaxin?

A

The corpus luteum

35
Q

What does relaxin do?

A

causes relaxation of the symphsis ligaments at the connection of the 2 halves of the pelvis it also helps soften the cervix prior to birth

36
Q

What physical effect does pregnancy have on the mother?

A

increase in size of sex organs, edema, acne, and slight masculinizing of features

37
Q

What is the average weight gain during pregnancy?

A

24 pounds (7 pound fetus, 4 pounds in amniotic fluid, and the rest due to edema, fat, etc.)

38
Q

Name the response: placenta

A

secretion of…

1) estrogen
2) progesterone
3) hCG
4) inhibin
5) human placental lactogen

39
Q

Name the response: anterior pituitary

A

increased secretion of prolactin, very little FSH and LH secretion

40
Q

Name the response: adrenal cortex

A

Increased aldosterone and cortisol secretion

41
Q

Name the response: posterior pituitary

A

increased secretion of vasopressin

42
Q

Name the response: parathyroids

A

increased secretion of PTH

43
Q

Name the response: kidneys

A

increased secretion of renin, erythropoietin, and vitamin D. Also salt and water retention

44
Q

Name the response: breasts

A

enlarge and develop mature glandular structure

45
Q

Name the response: blood volume

A

increase because of red blood cell production and water retention

46
Q

Name the response: body weight

A

increase because of PTH and vitamin D

47
Q

Name the response: circulation

A

increased CO and decreased peripheral resistance

48
Q

Name the response: respiration

A

hyperventilation due to effects of increased progesterone

49
Q

Name the response: metabolism

A

increased plasma glucose, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid metabolism because of hypo-responsiveness to insulin

50
Q

Name the response: appetite and thirst

A

increased after first trimester

51
Q

Name the response: nutritional RDAs

A

increased

52
Q

How do you treat eclampsia?

A

rapid acting vasodilators and immediate delivery of the baby

53
Q

What produces expression of oxytocin receptors in the uterus?

A

Estrogen

54
Q

What completes breast development into a milk-secreting organ?

A

progesterone

Pharmacy BSI (58 decks)

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