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Pharmacy BSI > BSI Lecture 12 Membrane Transport > Flashcards

BSI Lecture 12 Membrane Transport Flashcards

1
Q

the distribution of important substances in intracellular vs extracellular are _______.

A

asymmetrical

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2
Q

An asymmetrical distribution indicates some form of _____ or _____ _______

A

concentration; extruding mechanism

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3
Q

What 2 types of molecules can pass through the cell membrane? (Groups)

A

1) Small hydrophobic molecules (O2, CO2, N2, Benzene)

2) Small uncharged polar molecules (H2O, glycerol, ethanol)

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4
Q

Larger uncharged polar molecules can easily cross the membranes. T or F

A

False, large uncharged polar molecules cannot easily pass through the membrane

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5
Q

Can ions pass easily across the membranes?

A

No, ions or atoms that contain a charge cannot pass through the membrane

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6
Q

A substance diffuses from an area of ____ concentration to ____ until a uniform concentration is achieved.

A

high; low

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7
Q

Diffusion can only occur in ___ or ___ phases.

A

liquid; gas

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8
Q

In water-based biological systems _____ is rapid but the path is convoluted as substances collide frequently.

A

diffusion

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9
Q

Diffusion is effective over long (intracellular/cellular) but not over short distances. T or F

A

False, diffusion is better over smaller distances (1mm in diameter or less diffusion of O2 is sufficient)

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10
Q

Diffusion time _______ by the square of the distance but _____ with increased area.

A

increases; decreases

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11
Q

Diffusion time decreases the greater the concentration difference (greater potential energy). T or F

A

true

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12
Q

Diffusion is more rapid the smaller the substance. T or F?

A

true

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13
Q

Diffusion movement is due to ______ energy and therefore increases as temperature increases. Increased viscosity can also be a significant

A

kinetic

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14
Q

When a concentration difference occurs across a membrane but the substance/solute is impermeable, WATER will move in the opposite direction in an attempt to equalize the concentrations, this is known as ______

A

osmosis

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15
Q

Is osmosis energetically favorable?

A

yes

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16
Q

Osmotic pressure depends on the ______ of solute particles only.

A

number

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17
Q

A Molar solution of a substance that does not dissociate, exerts an osmotic pressure of ____.

A

1 osmole

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18
Q

Dissociation into two ions, (as happens when NaCl is dissolved), ________ the osmotic pressure.

A

doubles

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19
Q

What are the ways water can pass through the membranes.

A

1) it can pass directly through the membrane
2) Through hydrophilic “binding sites” of transporter/”pumps”
3) The aqueous “cores” of ion channels
4) Aquaporins

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20
Q

The ______ pressure of bodily fluids, including cytoplasm is strictly regulated.

A

osmotic

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21
Q

_________ solutions will move water out of cells and cause them to shrink.

A

hypertonic

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22
Q

_________ solutions will move water into cells and cause them to swell or even burst/lyse.

A

hypotonic

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23
Q

________ refers to equal osmotic pressure.

A

isotonicity

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24
Q

Isotonicity must be maintained; what perform this task?

A

ion pumps

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25
Q

Because of water’s permeability it cannot be directly pumped/transported but must follow changes in osmotic pressure: typically NaCl is _____ and water _____.

A

pumped; follows

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26
Q

______ exert osmotic pressure, (aka oncotic osmotic pressure), and this can be a significant factor especially in fluid exchange in capillaries

A

proteins

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27
Q

________ pressure, (aka blood pressure), forces water out of capillaries but the oncotic pressure of the plasma proteins draws water back typically resulting in very little net fluid loss to the tissues.

A

hydrostatic

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28
Q

To move non-permeable solutes across membranes requires some form of _______ _______ that permits movement of ions or molecules across the lipid bilayer.

A

transport system

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29
Q

Transmembrane proteins can either form _____ channels or _________/pumps.

A

aqueous; transporters

30
Q

Aqueous channels typically allow ions to flow ______ their electrochemical gradients.

A

down

31
Q

Ion flow not only depends on concentration differences but also the _______ potential across the membrane.

A

electrical

32
Q

If the flow is down the concentration or electrochemical gradient it is termed passive or facilitated transport and requires no energy, what supplies the energy?

A

the gradient supplies the potential energy

33
Q

The flow against the concentration or electrochemical gradient it is termed ______ _______ and requires energy (usually ATP)

A

active transport

34
Q

If _____ _____ of one solute is linked to the transport of another solute it is said to be coupled.

A

passive transport

35
Q

If an active transport of one solute is linked to the transport of another solute it is called _______ _______ _______..

A

secondary active transport

36
Q

Transport of a substance in one direction is termed ____

A

uniport

37
Q

Transport of two or more substances in the same direction is termed _______

A

symport

38
Q

Transport of two or more substances in opposite directions is termed ______

A

antiport

39
Q

If _______ ________ is maintained by either transporting equivalent positive and negative ions, (for example Na+ with Cl- as in many epithelial cells), or exchanging ions with the same charge, (HCO3- out/Cl- in as in red blood cells), only the concentration gradient matters.

A

electrical neutrality

40
Q

Unlike for membrane-permeable substances, transported substances rely on a finite number of transporting proteins and therefore are subject to _____ _______

A

saturation kinetics

41
Q

Comparing the osmotic pressure of molar solutions, which solute would exert the least pressure?
A. One that dissociated fully
B. One that partially dissociated
C. One that did not dissociate

A

C. One that did not dissociate

42
Q

Moving ions out of a cell will do what to its osmotic pressure?
A. Increase it
B. Not change it
C. Decrease it

A

C. Decrease it

43
Q

Diffusion of a freely membrane permeable substance exhibits saturation kinetics?
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

44
Q

Transport utilizing a carrier exhibits saturation kinetics?
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

45
Q

Ion channels do not exhibit saturation kinetics?
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

46
Q

Which direction of net flux does diffusion through lipid bilayer go?

A

High to low concentration

47
Q

Diffusion through the bilayer is at equilibrium state or steady state.

A

Equilibrium

48
Q

Diffusion through the bilayer, does it use integral membrane protein.

A

no

49
Q

Diffusion through the bilayer, does it produce maximum flux at high concentration?

A

no

50
Q

Diffusion through the bilayer, is it chemical specific?

A

no

51
Q

Diffusion through the bilayer, does it use energy and source?

A

no

52
Q

What are the typical molecules using diffusion through the bilayer?

A

Nonpolar: O2, CO2, fatty acids

53
Q

Facilitated diffusion, what is the direction of net flux?

A

high to low concentration

54
Q

Facilitated diffusion, is it at _____ or at steady state?

A

equilibrium

55
Q

Facilitated diffusion, does it use integral membrane protein?

A

yes

56
Q

Facilitated diffusion, does it achieve maximal flux at high concentration.

A

yes

57
Q

Facilitated diffusion, does it use energy and source?

A

no

58
Q

Facilitated diffusion, what are the typical molecules?

A

polar: glucose

59
Q

Primary active transport, what is the direction of net flux?

A

low to high concentration

60
Q

Primary active transport, is it a equilibrium or at steady state?

A

steady state

61
Q

Primary active transport, does it use integral membrane protein?

A

yes

62
Q

Primary active transport, does it achieve maximal flux at high concentration?

A

yes

63
Q

Primary active transport, are they chemical specific?

A

yes

64
Q

Primary active transport, do they use energy and source?

A

yes, ATP

65
Q

Primary active transport, what are the typical molecules?

A

Ions: Na+, K+, Ca2+, H+

66
Q

Secondary active transport, what is the directional of net flux?

A

Low to high concentration

67
Q

Secondary active transport, is it a equilibrium or steady state?

A

steady state

68
Q

Secondary active transport, does it use integral membrane protein?

A

yes

69
Q

Secondary active transport, does it achieve maximal flux at high concentration?

A

yes

70
Q

Secondary active transport, are they chemical specific?

A

yes

71
Q

Secondary active transport, does it use energy and source?

A

yes, often ion gradient (Na+)

72
Q

Secondary active transport, what are the typical molecules?

A

Polar: amino acids, glucose, and some ions

Pharmacy BSI (58 decks)

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