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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 12 - Neural Tissue Level Of Organization Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Neural Tissue Level Of Organization Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system is

A

Control center for the body

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2
Q

The nervous system controls and coordinates

A

All function in the body

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3
Q

The NS includes

A

All neural tissue in the body

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4
Q

Neuron

A

Basic functional unit

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5
Q

Glial cells

A

Otherwise called neuroglia
Separate and protect the neurons
Providing a framework of support for neural tissue
And act as phagocytes

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6
Q

Glial cells account for

A

50% of the cell volume of the NS

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7
Q

How many divisions in the NS?

A

Two: central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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8
Q

CNS

A

Includes the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

PNS

A

Includes all the nervous tissue outside the CNS

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10
Q

Division of PNS

A

Afferent division and efferent divison

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11
Q

Afferent division

A

Brings information from the body to the CNS

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12
Q

Efferent division

A

Carries information from the CNS to the periphery of the body

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13
Q

Divisions of the efferent division

A

Somatic division and autonomic division

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14
Q

Somatic division

A

Controls skeletal muscle tissue

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15
Q

Autonomic division

A

Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular tissues

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16
Q

Cell body

A

perikaryon

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17
Q

The PERIKARYON contains

A
  • large round nucleus
  • neurofilaments
  • neurotubules
  • organelles
  • neurotransmitters
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18
Q

Neurotransmitters are required for:

A

cell-to-cell communication in the NS

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19
Q

Nissl bodies are

A

regions of the neuron that contain rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes
-this gives the neuron its dark appearance

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20
Q

Why can’t neurons divide

A

lack centrioles

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21
Q

Dendrites are:

A

slender processes that extend out away from the cell body

-contain dendrite spines which receive info from other neurons in the CNS

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22
Q

Axon

A

tends to be a long process from the soma which carries an impulse away from the soma

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23
Q

Axon hillock is where

A

the axon is attached to the cell body

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24
Q

Collaterals may be found

A

on the axons that branch off this allows one neuron to communicate with many surrounding neurons

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25
Q

Telodendria

A

end of the axon

which are fine extensions of the axon that end at the synaptic terminals

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26
Q

Where does communication between neurons occur?

A

synaptic terminals

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27
Q

Synapse

A

the site where neural communication occurs, and involves neurotransmitters.

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28
Q

Presynaptic neuron will release

A

neurotransmitter substance to direct the response of the post synaptic cell

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29
Q

Post synaptic cell

A

can be a neuron or any other type of cell, such as a muscle cell, or glandular cell

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30
Q

Synaptic knob

A

is found when the post synaptic cell is a neuron. Each knob contains organelles and vesicles that are filled with neurotransmitter substances.

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31
Q

Neurons are classified by

A

either structure or function

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32
Q

Anaxonic neurons:

A

are small and the axons and dendrites are indistinguishable.

They are found in the brain and special sense organs

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33
Q

Bipolar neurons:

A

have two distinct processes, one dendrite and one axon

These are rare and found in the special sense organs

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34
Q

Unipolar neurons:

A

have a continuous axon and dendrite.

These are found in the PNS as sensory neurons

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35
Q

Multipolar Neurons:

A

have two or more dendrites and one axon.

They are the most common neuron found in the CNS. All neurons that control skeletal muscle are multipolar.

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36
Q

List of Structural Classification of Neurons:

A
  1. Anaxonic neurons
  2. Bipolr Neurons
  3. Unipolor Neurons
  4. Multipolar Neurons
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37
Q

List of Functional Classification of Neurons:

A
  1. Sensory Neurons
  2. Motor Neurons
  3. Interneurons
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38
Q

Sensory Neurons (afferent neurons)

A

carry information to the CNS from the periphery.

Are Unipolar and collect info about the internal and external environment and relay it back tot he CNS.

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39
Q

How many sensory neurons in body?

A

about 10 million

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40
Q

Receptors are:

A

processes on sensory neurons that feed info to the sensory neuron.

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41
Q

3 Types of Sensory Receptors:

A
  1. Exteroreceptors
  2. Proprioceptors
  3. Interceptors
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42
Q

Exteroreceptors

A

provide info about the external environment

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43
Q

Proprioceptors

A

monitor position and movement of joints and muscle tissues

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44
Q

Interceptors

A

Monitor the visceral organs and systems

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45
Q

Motor neurons (efferent neurons)

A

carry info from the brain or CNS to the body or peripheral effectors.

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46
Q

Visceral motor neurons

A

innervate all the peripheral effectors except skeletal tissue.
carry info from the CNS to an automatic ganglia and then travel from the ganglia to the effectors

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47
Q

First order neuron

A

to the ganglia is a presynaptic autonomic fiber

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48
Q

Second order neuron

A

to the effectors is called the post synaptic autonomic fiber

49
Q

Interneurons (associated neurons)

A

are the most numerous of all the neurons combined.
These are found in the brain and the spinal cord.
function in the distribution and coordination of sensory and motor activity of the nervous system.

50
Q

Neuroglial Cells of the CNS

A
  1. Ependymal Cells
  2. Astrocytes
  3. Oligodendrocytes
  4. Microglia
51
Q

ependymal cells

A

cubodial to columnar cells that line the ventricles of the brain, and the central canal of the spinal cord

They function in monitoring the regulation and production of cerebrospinal fluid

They are covered in cilia or hair like structures that snese changes in the CSF.

52
Q

Astrocytes

A

are the largest and most numerous of the neuroglia.
Function in the maintenance of the blood brain barrier.
Responsible for creating a 3D framework for the CNS

Function in repair of damaged neural tissue, guiding neuron development, and controlling the interstitial environment.

Control the concentration of sodium ions, potassium ions, and carbon dioxide ions, as well as providing a rapid transit system for the transporiting of nutrients, ions, and gases to the capillaries

53
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

function in the formation of myalin around the axons in the CNS

Myalin acts as an insulator for conduction of current along the axon.

Mylelinated neurons in the CNS make up the white matter

54
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

small areas of unmyelnated axon

55
Q

Microglia

A

these are the least and smallest of the neuroglia in the CNS.

They clean up the neural tissue similar to macrophages in the blood stream

56
Q

Cell bodies of neurons in the PNS are:

A

ganglia

57
Q

Types of Ganglia (PNS)

A

Satellite cells

Schwann Cells

58
Q

Satellite cells

A

Also called amphicytes

surround the neuron cell bodies in ganglia. They regulate the environment around the neurons

59
Q

Schwann Cells

A

also called neurolemmal cells

Form a sheath around every peripheral axon, myelinated or note. Schwann cells myelinate segments of axons in the PNS

60
Q

Membrane Potential (at rest)

A

-70mv charge

61
Q

Membrane Potential

A

passive and active forces act across the cell membrane to determine this

62
Q

Changes in voltage in membrane

A

changes either by chemical or electrical forces will either cause the membrane to become more negative or more positive.

These forces wil determine if an ACTION POTENTIAL will be generated.

63
Q

Na+ and K+

A

The electrochemical gradeint for these are the primary factors that affect the membrane potential of most cells.

64
Q

What regulated chemical gradient

A

sodium potassium pump in the cell

It will exchange 3 intercellular sodium ions for 2 extracellurlar potassium ions, which requires the use of ATP or energy

65
Q

Membrane channels

A

Control the movement of ions across the membrane.

66
Q

Leak channels

A

Passive channels

67
Q

Gated channels

A

Active channels

68
Q

Which channel maintains the normal resting membrane potential of the cell

A

Leak or passive channel

69
Q

3 types of gated or regulated channels in the neuron

A

Chemically regulated
Voltage regulated
Mechanically regulated

70
Q

Chemically regulated channel

A

Will open or close in response to certain chemicals present at the membrane.

These are found at the synaptic junction of most neurons

71
Q

Voltage regulated channels

A

Are found on areas of excitable membranes, or membranes that are generating an action potential, they are common on the axons of unipolar and multipolar

72
Q

Mechanically regulated channels

A

Will open or close in response to physical stimulation of the membrane. These are found in the sensory receptors for touch and pressure.

73
Q

Graded potentials

A

Or local potentials

Are membrane changes that will not travel far from the site of stimulation.

74
Q

Depolarization

A

Of the cell membrane occurs when increased sodium ions enter the cell making it more positive and closer to 0mv.
When this occurs an action potential will be generated.

75
Q

Hyper polarization

A

occurs when the cell becomes more negative by K* ions flowing out.
This makes it harder for the action potential to be stimulated.

76
Q

Action principle

A

All or nothing principle.

Stimulus will generate along whole membrane. The stimulus will either cause an action or not.

77
Q

Action Potentials are generated in this order:

A
  1. Depolarized
  2. Activation
  3. Inactivation
  4. Return to normal resting membrane voltage
78
Q

Stage 1 of Action Potential

A

The cell membrane is depolarized to threshold by local graded potentials

79
Q

Stage 2 of Action Potential

A

Activation of sodium channels occur causing rapid depolarization of the membrane

80
Q

Stage 3 of Action Potential

A

The inactivation of sodium channels and the activation of K+ channels occurs. The flow of NA+ back out of the cell and K+ back into the cell brings the membrane closer to a negative resting potential

81
Q

Stage 4 of Action Potential

A

Return to normal resting membrane voltage. The refractory period is the time between the action potential and the return to membrane resting potential, an action potential cannot be reinitiated during this time.

82
Q

Relatively Refreactory Period

A

when the impulse (starts action potential) is strong enough, in some cases, a continuation of the impulse can occur.

83
Q

Action potential propagation

A

is the relaying of the action potential across the cell membrane in steps

84
Q

Continuous propagation

A

is an action potential moving along an unmyelinated axon in steps this occurs at a rate of 1 meter per second

85
Q

Saltatory propagation

A

occurs in a myelinated axon, has to jump over the nodes of Ranvier.

86
Q

What affects the speed of action potential

A

diameter and myelination

87
Q

3 groups based on speed (propagation)

A
  1. Type A fibers
  2. Type B fibers
  3. Type C fibers
88
Q

Type A Fibers

A

largest axons w/diameter of 4 to 20 um.
They carry an action potential at a speed of 140 meters per second or 300 mph.
these fibers carry info INTO the CNS regarding balance, touch, pressure, and motor fibers to skeletal muscles.

89
Q

Type B Fibers

A

smaller, myelinated axons w/diameter of 2-4 um. They transmit action potentials at a rate of 18 meters per second. B and C fibers carry info regarding general touch and pain. As well as info to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

90
Q

Type C Fibers

A

are unmyelinated and less than 2 um. They transmit action potentials at a speed of 1 meter per second.

91
Q

What is a neural junction where an action potential or never impulse is carried to another neuron and then passed on to another neuron or an effector

A

Synapse

92
Q

3 types of synapses

A

electrical
chemical
cholinergic

93
Q

Electrical synapses

A

are rare types, they occur in the vestibular nuclei of the eye and the ciliary ganglia

94
Q

chemical synapses

A

the cells are not directly connected or touching, there is a synaptic space between the two cells. The action potential reached the presynaptic side and releases neurotransmitter substance there must be enough neurotransmitter to fire the action potential on the post synpatic side for the action ptoential to be sent down to the next axon

95
Q

cholinergic synapses

A

release the neurotransmitter ACH. THese are found at the neuromuscluar junciton. ACH is released by all neuromuscluar junctions, many synapses in the CNS, at all neuron to neuron synapses in the PNS, and all the neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions of the parasympathetic division of the ANS.

96
Q

synaptic delay

A

occurs from the time that the action potential reaches the synaptic knob and travels to the postsynaptic membrane

97
Q

synaptic fatigue

A

occurs when the synaptic activity is so high that the synaptic knob is depleted of ACH and an action potential cannot be genreated until more ACH is generated

98
Q

norepinephrine

A

found in the brain and part of the ANS

99
Q

Dopamine

A

is a CNS neurotransmitter

100
Q

Serotonin

A

is a neurotransmitter found in the CNS

101
Q

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

has an inhibitory effect on the CNS

102
Q

Nitric oxide

A

is generated by synaptic terminals that innervate smooth muscle in the wall of blood vessels in the PNS

103
Q

carbon monoxide

A

is generated by synaptic knobs in the brain

104
Q

neuromodulators

A

influence the release of neurotransmitter substance at the presynaptic neuron or influence the postsynaptic neurons response tot he neurotransmitter.

105
Q

opiods

A

neuropeptides that are classified as endorphins, enkephalons, and dynorphins. They function in natural pain relief

106
Q

3 groups of neuromodulators

A
  1. compounds - direct effect
  2. compounds - indirect effect
  3. lipid soluble gases
107
Q

post synaptic potentials

A

are graded potentials that develop in the postsynaptic membrane in response to a neurotransmitter, these may be inhibitory or excitatory

108
Q

summation

A

the combining of 2 or more EPSPs to generate an action potential

109
Q

temporal summation

A

the rapid recurring stimulus of the synapse repeatedly to generate an action potential

110
Q

spatial summation

A

cum effect of simultaneous stimuli at many different sites on the neuron, this will generate action potential

111
Q

facilitation

A

bringing of a neuron closer to threshold, thus allowing a smaller stimulus to generate an action potential

112
Q

presynaptic inhibition

A

GABA releases at the axon-to-axon synapse will inhibit the opening of the calcium channels. This activity at the 2 axons will increase the amount of neurotransmitter present at the knob thus making it easier to generate an action potential.

113
Q

Neuranol pools

A

groups of interconnected neurons with specific collective functions.

114
Q

Divergence

A

is the spread of information from one neuron to several neurons, or from one pool to several pools

115
Q

convergence

A

is when several neurons synapse on the same postsynaptic neuron

116
Q

Parallel Processing

A

when several neurons or pools process the same info at one time

117
Q

PNS organization

A

cell bodies of neurons = ganglia

axons bundled together to form nerves connected tot he spinal cord and cranial nerves connected to the brain.

118
Q

CNS organization

A

collectoin of neurons or cell bodies with a common function= centers
Nucleus is a center with an anatomical boundary
CNS white matter contains axons with common destinations = tracts
tracts in spinal cord = columns
Centers and tracts that link the brain with the rest of the body = pathways

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