Chapter 2: Neuroscience Approaches To Understanding Psychopathology

Question 1

Frontal lobe

Answer 1

Involved with planning, higher cognitive processes such as thinking and problem solving, as well as moral and social judgements.

Question 2

Central sulcus

Answer 2

Receives sensory information from our body, including the experience of touch.

Question 3

Parietal lobe

Answer 3

Involved in special processing such as knowing where you are in space and performing special problems.

Question 4

Occipital lobe

Answer 4

Involved with processing visual information and receives information from our eyes.

Question 5

Temporal lobe

Answer 5

Receives information from our ears such as language.

Question 6

Neurotransmitters

Answer 6

Chemicals released into the synapsis space that are involved in increasing or decreasing the likelihood for action potentials to be produced: they also maintain the communication accords the synapses. Their presence or lack there of is related to particular psychological disorders.

Question 7

Electroencephalography

Answer 7

A technique for recording electric activity from the scalp, which measures the electrical activity of the brain at the levels of synapsis.

Question 8

Event-related potentials/evoked potentials

Answer 8

They show electroencephalography activity in relation to a particular event.

Question 9

Magnetoencephalopathy

Answer 9

Brain imaging technique that measures the small magnetic field gradients exiting and entering the surface of the head that are produced when neurons are active.

Question 10

Positron emission tomography

Answer 10

A brain imaging technique that measures the blood flow in the brain that is correlated with brain activity.

Question 11

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Answer 11

Brain imaging technique that measures increased blood flow in active areas of the cortex by determining the ratio of hemoglobin with and without oxygen.

Question 12

Diffusion tensor imaging

Answer 12

Procedure that uses magnetic resonance imaging magnet to measure fiber tracts (white matter) in the brain.

Question 13

Neuroethics

Answer 13

A field of ethical inquiry related to the ethical, legal, and social policy implications of neuroscience, which explores questions about who should have access to data and scans of an individual’s internal processes.

Question 14

Small world framework

Answer 14

A model of the brain connectivity based on the idea that the ability to socially contact any two random individuals in the world can be accomplished in a limited number of connections.

Question 15

Central executive network

Answer 15

The neural network involved in performing such tasks as planning, goal setting, performing.

Question 16

Salience network

Answer 16

The neural network involved in monitoring and noting important changes in biological and cognitive systems.

Question 17

Default intrinsic network

Answer 17

Neural network that is active during internal processing.

Question 18

Executive functions

Answer 18

Cognitive unctions involved in planning, understanding new situations and cognitive flexibility.

Question 19

Modularity

Answer 19

The concept that specific areas of the brain are dedicated to certain types of processing.

Question 20

Connectivity

Answer 20

The concept that different areas of the brain work together in specific conditions.

Question 21

Epigenetics

Answer 21

Study if the mostly environmental factors that turn genes on and off and are passed on to the next generation.

Question 22

Mendel’s first law or law of segregation

Answer 22

For the dominant trait to appear, only one dominant element is needed; for the recessive trait to appear both non-dominant elements must be present.

Question 23

Mendel’s second law or the law of independent assortment

Answer 23

The inheritance of the gene of one trait is not affected by the inheritance of the gene for another trait.

Question 24

Chromosomes

Answer 24

Thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plan cells. Each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of DNA. Passed from parent to offspring, DNA contains the specific instructions that make each type of living creature unique.

Question 25

Genes

Answer 25

The basic physical and functional unit of heredity made of up DNA; act as instructions to make proteins.

Question 26

Allele

Answer 26

The alternative molecular form of the same gene.

Question 27

Homozygotes or homozygous

Answer 27

When a person has two copies of the same allele.

Question 28

Heterozygotes Or heterozygous

Answer 28

When a person has two different alleles at the same location.

Question 29

Encode

Answer 29

To lay out the process by which a particular protein is made; this is the job of a gene.

Question 30

Proteins

Answer 30

Made up of amino chains from DNA, proteins do the work of the body and are involved in a variety of processes.

Question 31

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Answer 31

Molecule that provides information necessary to produce proteins, which are involved in growth and functioning.

Question 32

Genotype

Answer 32

The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Question 33

Phenotype

Answer 33

An organisms observable characteristics.

Question 34

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Answer 34

DNA information is carried as RNA, which determines the sequence of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins; it is made up of single stands rather than the duel strands of DNA.

Question 35

Epigenetic inheritance

Answer 35

A form of inheritance by which factors largely influenced by the environment of the organism that turn the genes in and off can be passed on to the next generation without influencing DNA itself.

Question 36

Epigenetic marks or tags

Answer 36

Factors that influence whether a gene of segment is relaxed and able to be activated or condensed and thereby inhibited.

Question 37

Endophenotyoes

Answer 37

Patterns of processes that lie between the gene (the genotype) and the manifestations of the gene in the external environment.