Definitions

Question 1

This is located along the length of the testis at its posterior aspect. Its contents move in a superior to inferior direction.

Answer 1

EPIDIDYMIS.

Sperm pass from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis to the vas deferens.

Question 2

This is sectioned and ligated in a common male sterilization procedure.

Answer 2

Vas deferens.

Vasectomy. Contents of vas deferens move inferior to superior.

Question 3

This drains semen into the prostatic urethra.

Answer 3

Ejaculatory duct.

Question 4

This describes an encircling of skeletal muscle.

Answer 4

External anal sphincter.

Question 5

Through this structure digestive enzymes enter the GI tract.

Answer 5

Major duodenal papilla.

Question 6

This is usually located in the flank/lumbar region.

Answer 6

kidney.

Question 7

Is part of the axial skeleton and articulates with cervical membrane C1. Located in the neurocranium.

Answer 7

Occipital bone.

Articulates with C1 at the atlanto-occipital joint.

Question 8

Does not articulate with any other bones.

Answer 8

Hyoid bone.

Anterior part of neck, at level of C3. Suspended by muscles connecting it to other bones and cartilage, i.e. mandible, styloid of mandible, manubrium of sternum, scapula and thyroid cartilage.

Question 9

Forms a component of the pelvic outlet anterolaterally.

Answer 9

Ischium.

Ischiopubic ramus specifically. It forms the anterolateral aspect of the pelvic outlet, along with the coccyx posteriorly, pubic symphysis anteriorly, ischial tuberosities posterolaterally and sacrotuberous ligament posterolaterally.

Question 10

Part of a fibrous joint, it is a fibrous sheet connecting 2 bones, e.g. the radius and ulna.

Answer 10

Interosseus membrane.

The joint formed between the interosseus membrane and the bones is known as a syndesmoses.

Question 11

A joint between C1 and a bone of the neurocranium.

Answer 11

atlanto-occipital joint.

Question 12

A joint of the upper limb in which there is normally approximately 180o of flexion.

Answer 12

Shoulder joint.

Question 13

Site of production of ribosomes.

Answer 13

Nucleolus - appears as a dark spot within the nucleus.

Question 14

Spread of electrical excitation directly from cell to cell.

Answer 14

communicating/gap junctions.

These consist of aligned pores in adjacent membranes.

Question 15

Site where lipids are synthesized.

Answer 15

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 16

An avascular, typically polarized tissue that forms cohesive sheets, covering surfaces and lining cavities.

Answer 16

Epithelium.

Question 17

Composed of very long elongated cells, with each cell having multiple nuclei.

Answer 17

Skeletal muscle.

Question 18

Composed mainly of packed, extracellular bundles of collage fibres which are arranged in random directions.

Answer 18

Dense irregular connective tissue.

Question 19

These cells appear striated, are branched and have a single nucleus that is located near their centre.

Answer 19

Cardiac muscle fibres.

Question 20

A form of glia responsible for producing myelin in the central nervous system.

Answer 20

Oligodendrocytes.

These produce myelin in the CNS. Schwann cells produce myelin in the PNS.

Question 21

The resident cells within cartilage.

Answer 21

Chondrocytes.

Question 22

Enzymes are capable of increasing the velocity of a reaction by decreasing the energy of activation.
True or false?

Answer 22

True.

Question 23

How many ADP molecules per glucose are phosphorylated to ATP via via substrate phosphorylation reactions during glycolysis?

Answer 23

4

For each glucose molecule entering glycolysis, two ATP molecules are consumed to phosphorylate the glucose. Later, phosphorylated hexose is split into 2 phosphorylated triose. Each triose-phosphate is converted into pyruvate and forms 2 ATP molecules per triose-phosphate.

Question 24

A description factor can be described as:

1. A protein, other than RNA polymerase, that is involved in transcription.

OR

2. It is a complex of protein and a nucleic acid.

Answer 24

1. Transcription factors are proteins, NOT subunits of RNA polymerase.

They do not contain nucleic acids. Most can bind to only very specific DNA sequences.

Question 25

What kind of molecules do ribosomes consist of?

Answer 25

RNA and proteins.

Nucleoprotein complexes and consist of rRNA molecules, and a large number of protein subunits, but no DNA or carbohydrates.

Question 26

Quarternary structure can be described as which:

1. Relative orientation of one polypeptide to another polypeptide in a multisubunit protein

OR

2. The sum of secondary and tertiary interactions.

Answer 26

1.

Question 27

What is the direction of synthesis of DNA?

Answer 27

From the 5’ end to the 3’ end on both strands.

during DNA synthesis, both strands of a double helix are replicated. All nucleic acids are always polymerized from 5’ to 3’, because additional nucleotides can only be added to a free 3’ hydroxyl group.

Question 28

Buffering capacity can be described as?

Answer 28

The extent to which a buffer solution can counteract the effect of an added acid or base.

Question 29

The reduction of pyruvate to lactate allows for the regeneration of NAD+.

True or false?

Answer 29

True.

Occurs in highly active human muscle cells when not enough oxygen can be delivered to meet requirements.

Question 30

G-protein signaling is terminated by which:

1. immediately terminated by agonist dissociating from the G-protein coupled receptor.
   OR
2. terminated by hydrolysis of GTP to GDP by the GTPase activity of the G-protein a subunit.

Answer 30

2.

Question 31

Describe the action of a competitive antagonist on the concentration response curve for an agonist acting on the same receptor when displayed on a plot of biological response vs agonist concentration.

Answer 31

The position of the agonist concentration response curve is shifted to the right in a parallel manner, with no change in the maximum response.

Question 32

Increased secretion of watery saliva is carried out by stimulation of which nervous system?

Answer 32

Parasympathetic.