Epigenetics Flashcards

1
Q

1a) Why must chromatin be remodeled before transcription can occur?

A

Nukleosomer hindrer “basal factors” og RNA polymerase fra å binde seg til DNA. Når en eukaryot promoter er aktiv vil det basale apparatet okkupere promoteren og histonoktamerer kan ikke binde seg. Begge tilstandene er stabile.

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2
Q

What are the different types of remodeling?

A

Flytting eller frigjøring (displacement) av nukleosomer:
- Mekanismene krever energi
- Protein-protein kontakter og protein-DNA kontakter må forstyrres (perturbed, disturbed) for frigjøring
Tre typer remodellering:
- Sliding - endrer posisjonen til DNAet på overflaten av histon oktameren
- Space adjustment - endrer avstanden mellom nukleosomer
- Displacement of histone octamer - en eller flere oktamerer fjernes fullstendig. Gir hypersensitive sites.

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3
Q

How are remodeling complexes directed to specific sites in the genome?

A
  • Sekvensspesifikk faktor binder til DNA
  • Remodelleringskomplekset rekrutteres gjennom binding til denne fakoren of histon oktameren/er fjernes
  • Hit and run mekanisme. Faktoren slipper når remodelleringkomplekset har bundet seg
    Er som regel ikke sekvensspesifikke. Må rekrutteres av aktivatorer eller repressorer. Kan være en hit and run mekanisme der regulatorer forsvinner etter at remodelleringskompleksene har bundet.
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4
Q

Hva er hovedrollen til kromatinremodellering?

A

Endre organisasjonen av nukleosomer i et område ved/rundt protomterer til gener som skal transkriberes - gir plass til transkripsjonsapparatet: transkripsjonsfaktorer og RNA polymerase. Foregår ofte ved displacement. Vice versa for å hindre transkripsjon.

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5
Q

Hvilke AA på histonhalene modifiseres?

A

Arginin, Lysin, Serin

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6
Q

Hvilke modifikasjoner sees på halene?

A

Acetylering, metylering, fosforylering, ubiquitination

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7
Q

Hva skjer med ladningene når histonhalene modifiseres?

A
  • Metylering av arg og lys: uforandret. positiv.
  • acetylering av lysin: positiv til nøytral. Kan svekke interaksjonene mellom histonhalene og DNA
  • P av ser: Endres fra nøytral til negativ
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8
Q

Histonkodekonseptet

A

Teorien om at kombinasjonen av modifikasjonene på forskjellige histonhaler danner en kode som, sammen med DNA sekvensen og metyleringsstatus, bestemmer kromatinstruktur og transkripsjonell aktivering

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9
Q

Usual effects of acetylation and methylation?

A

Acetylation leads to transcriptional activation, and methylation to repression (can also give activation - depends on where mod is located) through a more compact chromatin structure.

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10
Q

Tyoical activating and repressing methyl mod?

A

H3K9 og H3K27: repression

H3K4: activation

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11
Q

What is position effect variegation

A
  • epigenetisk effekt
  • sees når gen ligger tett på heterokromatin - dette kan være et resultat av en inversjon i et kromosom - genet blir med i heterokromatin og uttrykkes derfor ikke
  • Typisk er white genet hos DM. Vanligvis røde øyne, men ved inversjon blir genet liggene tett til heterokromatin og i noen celler spres heteorkomatin over denne regionen
  • Gir hvit og rødflekkete øyne
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12
Q

which two methylases exist for introducing methyl groups at CpGin mammalian genomes. What is the difference between active and passive demethylation of DNA?

A
  • CpG found in the promoter of 76% of human genes
  • methylation associated with (heritable) repression of transcription
  • De novo and maintenance methyltransferases
  • De novo recognize somethingin the DNA that and creates the methylation pattern “from scratch” - usually happens in early embryo development. Active genes becomes inactivation.
  • MAintenance - add methylation to DNA when one strand is already methylated. Maintains the methylation pattern throughout the life time of the organism (unless there is demethylation). Inaktivering opprettholdes.

Active demethylation: Methyl groups actively removed. Specific enzyme reomves modification
Passive: methylation pattern not maintained when DNA is replicated

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13
Q

Imprinting

A
  • when only the iherited gene from one parent will be/is expressed
  • Due to differences in methylation
  • Some active when inherited from mother, some active when inherited from father
  • ranges from expression bias to complete silencing of one parental gene
  • ## can be tissue specific
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14
Q

Outline some conceivable mechanisms for active demthylation of DNA

A

ROS1 and demeter in plants - 5-methylcytosine glycosylases
Oxidation of the methylgroup to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine –>
TET –> 5-formylcytosine –> 5-carboxylcytosine –> thymine DNA glycosylase can excise 5-caC from DNA
APOBEC/AID –> deamination –> 5-hydroxymethyluracil or to T
DNA glycosylases:excision of 5-methylcytosine, T, 5 caC, 5 hmU

  • DNA glycosylases
  • DNA deaminases AID/APOBEC: 5-hmU or T
  • Tet proteins - hydroxylation, 5-hmC –> 5-fmC –> 5-caC –> can be excised
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15
Q

X-chromosome inactivation

A
  • Dosage compensation when there are 2 X-chromosomes
  • x-linked coat colour gives variegation in heterozygous mice
  • one copy inactivated early on - different in different cells
  • facultative heterochromatine
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16
Q

Mechanism X-chromosome inactivation

A
  • Both copies express the non-coding RNA Xist which is rapidly degraded
  • At inactivation the future active X-chromosome makes an antisense RNA, Tsix, which leads to repression of Xist expression in this chromosome
  • xist from future inactive chromosome is stabilized and covers the chromosome
  • leads to histon deacetylation, ubiquitination and (de)methylation
  • leads to DNA methylation
17
Q

Briefly describe some domaine (readers) that cna bind to specific histone modifications

A

Enzymes that add or remove modifications can contain one or more of these domains
- The chromodomain of HP-1 can recognize and bind to H3K9me3 –> more HP-1 recruited –> heterochromatin
- PHD - plant homeodomainbinds fingers. Zinc fingers. Can recognize both modifies and unmodified lysines
- Royal superfamily domains - binds methylated lysines
common fold, different specificities

18
Q

Threre mechanisms for histone demethylation:

A
  • demethyliminases - coversion to citrulline - PAD4 unspesific
  • amine oxidases - LSD1 - firs true histone demethylation discoverd. Can exist in two complexes 1. Where it removes M so that you get repression 2. where you remove M so that you get activation - 2-step process
  • oxidative demethylases