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Spinal Anatomy > Exam 2- PPT1 > Flashcards

Exam 2- PPT1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the other names for the intervertebral motor unit?

A

Functional motor unit
Physiological motor unit
Vertebral motor unit

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2
Q

What is the definition of an intervertebral motor unit?

A

2 adjacent vertebrae and their contiguous structures

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3
Q

Flexion of the vertebrae: ______ the IVF

Flexion of the spine: _______ cervical/lumbar lordosis but _________ the thoracic kyphosis

A

Opens up the IVF

Decreases; increases

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4
Q

Extension of the vertebrae: ______ the IVF

Extension of the spine: ______ Cervical/lumbar lordosis but ________ the thoracic kyphosis

A

Closes the IVF

Increases Cervical/lumbar lordosis but decreases the thoracic kyphosis

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5
Q

What are the 7 functions of the vertebral column

A 
Protection and transmission 
Stabilization 
Support and weight bearing 
Shape and position 
Motion 
Skeletal formation
Resiliency
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6
Q

How does the vertebral column function in protection and transmission

A

Protects the spinal cord and trasmits nerves to other parts of the body

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7
Q

How does the vertebral column function in stabilization

A

Used for attachment of muscles and ligaments

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8
Q

How does the vertebral column funciton in support and weight bearing?

A

Supports the head and bears the weight of the entire body except the legs

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9
Q

How does the vertebral column function in shape and position

A

Provides erectness and body contours or shape

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10
Q

How does the vertebral column function in motion

A

Allows for flexible movement

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11
Q

Inferior border of the scapulae when upright is in line with the tip of spinous ____ and when lying down tip of the spinous ______

A

T9

T6

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12
Q

What is the name of the common fracture that occurs at the tip of spinous of C-7

A

Clay shoveler’s

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13
Q

What is the most common areas of thoracic compression fracture

A

Body of T-11 or 12

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14
Q

What is the most common areas for lumbar compression fracture?

A

Body of T-12/L1

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15
Q

What is the most common area for sacral fracture?

A

Horizontal fracture at the end of the 3rd or 4th sacral tubercle area

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16
Q

In cervical lateral bending: vertebral body moves the ______ direction as the lateral bending. The spinous process moves to the ______ side.

A

Same direction (ispilateral)

Opposite side (contralateral side)

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17
Q

In lumbar lateral bending: the vertebral body moves to the _____ side as lateral bending and the spinous process moves to the _____ side

A 
Opposite side (contralateral)
Same side (Ipsilateral)
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18
Q

What is the definition of subluxation?

A

Loss of proper vertebral joint function that may affect proper nerve function and good health

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19
Q

Where does fertilization take place?

A

Distal 1/3rd of the Fallopian tube

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20
Q

It takes _______ (time frame) before it enters the uterus

A

1 week

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21
Q

What implants in the uterus on day 7?

A

The blastocyst

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22
Q

What are the first 2 main structures to begin developing in the embryo?

A

The spine and nervous system

The heart and vascular system

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23
Q

The round egg flattens out and becomes the ________

A

Germ disc

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24
Q

The ectodermal floor of the amniotic cavity thickens and the center of the midline ceases and becomes the ______ ______

A

Neural streak (neural plate)

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25
Q

The neural streak invaginates and becomes the ______ ______

A

Neural groove

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26
Q

What is the beginning of the overall NS?

A

Neural groove

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27
Q

What is the group of cells called that form from mesoderm and will form the cephalic portion of the embryo called?

A

Primitive node or hensen’s node

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28
Q

What marks the longitudinal axis of the embryonic body and will form the guide to further spinal devleopment

A

Notochord

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29
Q

The spine begins to form during the _______ embryonic week

A

2nd

30
Q

How many pairs of somites are there?

A

42 to 44

31
Q

What is the group of mesodermal cells that line up on either side of the notochord called?

A

Somites

32
Q

What do somites eventually become?

A

Vertebral bodies

33
Q

What si the process of neuralation

A

Neural plate-> neural groove-> appearance of neural crest-> completion of neural tube-> completion of neural crest

34
Q 
The somites form as follows: 
1st 4 pair will become the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
7 pair will become  the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
12 pair will become the \_\_\_\_\_\_
5 pair will become the \_\_\_\_\_\_
5 pair will become the \_\_\_\_\_\_
8 to 9 pair will become the \_\_\_\_\_\_
A

The somites form as follows:
1st 4 pair will become the occiput
7 pair will become the cervical vertebra
12 pair will become the thoracic vertebra
5 pair will become the lumbar vertebra
5 pair will become the sacral segments
8 to 9 pair will become the coccygeal segments

35
Q

What happens to any remaining somites?

A

Any remaining pairs will disappear or become absorbed

36
Q

What do the neural crest cells develop into?

** KNOW FOR EXAM

A

The posterior dorsal root ganglion and spinal nerves

37
Q

During the third embryonic week the somites will split in their center at an area called the __________________

A

Fissure of Von Ebner

38
Q

What forms a sclerotome?

A

The union of 2 different somites

39
Q

The rest of the connective tissue is called _______

A

Mesenchyme

40
Q

How does the vertebrae form?

A

By fusion of sclerotome cells from two different somite levels

41
Q

During the 4th embryonic week the sclerotomes begin to change into what?

A

Cartilage

42
Q

The notochord will bunch up between the cartilage and will become part of the _______ _________ of the intervertebral disc

A

Nucleus pulposis

43
Q

What are the 3 stages of vertebral development?

A

Mesenchymal stage
Chondrification stage
Ossification stage

44
Q

What happens during the mesenchymal stage/ primordial stage of vertebral development?

A

Somites form and sclerotomes develop

Lasts from 2nd to 3rd embryonic week

45
Q

What does the chondrification stage consist of?

A

Begins overall in the cervicothoracic region then proceeds upwards and downward

Begins in 4 areas of the vertebrae

46
Q

Ossification of the vertebral BODIES begins at the ________ areas of the spine and proceeds upward and downward

A

Thoracolumbar

47
Q

Ossification of the vertebral ARCHES begins at the _______ regions of the spine and proceeds upward and downward

A

Cervicothoracic

48
Q

________ ossification begins prior to birth but may not be complete till after birth

________ ossification begins after birth. Most take place between the ages of 12 and 20

A

Primary

Secondary

49
Q

Most secondary ossification takes place when?

A

Between the ages of 12 and 20

50
Q

In the atlas (C1), what are the 3 primary centers of ossification?

A

1 in each lateral mass (2)

1 in the anterior arch

51
Q

Axis, Epistropheus, C-2: has _____ primary centers and ______ secondary centers of ossification for a total of _______

A

5 primary
2 secondary
Total of 7

52
Q

What is the term used for any failure of fusion of an ossification center, either primary or secondary?

A

Persistant epiphysis

53
Q

What is a failure of fusion of the primary center of ossification in which the odontoid process fails to fuse with the body of the axis?

A

Os Odontoidium

54
Q

What is a failure of the secondary ossification center of ossification in which the tip (apex) of the odontoid process fails to fuse with the rest of the odontoid process.

A

Os Terminale

55
Q

How many ossification centers are there for C3-T12?

Total? Primary? Secondary?

A

Total- 8
Primary- 3
Secondary- 5

56
Q

For C-3 through t-12:

1 secondary ossification center in each epiphyseal plate fuses between ages of ______ and _____

A

16 and 20

57
Q

In C-3 to T-12:

1 secondary center of ossification in the tip of each TVP fuses about the age of _____

A

16

58
Q

For C3 to T-12:

1 secondary center of ossification in the tip of the SP fuses about the age of _____

A

16

59
Q

How many ossification centers are there for the lumbar spine? Total, primary, and secondary?

A

10 total, 5 primary and 5 secondary

60
Q

Lumbar spine, 5 primary centers:
1 in the center of the __________
1 in each half of the __________
1 in each _________

A 
5 primary centers:
1 in the center of the vertebral body 
1 in each half of the vertebral arch 
1 in each mamillary process (2)
    - posterior superior lateral aspect of the Superior AP
61
Q

Lumbar spine, 5 secondary ossification centers:
1 in each ________
1 in each ______
1 in the ______________

A

Lumbar spine, 5 secondary ossification centers:
1 in each epiphyseal plate
1 in each TVP
1 in the tip of the spinous process

62
Q

How many centers of ossification are there for the sacrum? Total, primary, secondary

A

49 total, 37 are primary, 12 are secondary

63
Q

Fusion of S1,2,4 occurs between the ages of _____ and ____

A

9 and 11

64
Q

Fusion of S-4 and 5 is between the ages of _____ and ______

A

18 and 20

65
Q

How many centers of ossification for the coccyx? Total, primary, secondary?

A

4 total centers, all primary

66
Q

Coccyx:
Each primary center will enlarge and develop 1 every five years and all will be fused between the ages of _____ and _____

A

25 and 30

67
Q

At five weeks the upper and lower limbs have formed as what?

A

Fin like appendages pointing lateral and caudally

68
Q

At 6 weeks what do the limbs look like?

A

Limbs bend anteriorly, so elbows and knees point laterally, palms and soles face trunk

69
Q

At 7 weeks,, upper and lower limbs have undergone _________ about their long axes but in opposite directions so elbows point _____ and knees point ______

A

90 degree torsion
Caudally
Cranially

70
Q

At 8 weeks what does torsion of the lower limbs result in?

A

Twisted or barber pole arrangement of their cutaneous innervation

71
Q

In the axis (Epistropheus, C-2), primary centers of ossification:
1 in each half of the _________
1 in the center of the ________
2 at the base of the _______

A

1 in each half of the vertebral arch
1 in the center of the vertebral body
2 at the base of the odontoid process

72
Q

Axis (Epistropheus, C-2), secondary centers of ossification
Begins about the age of _____ and completed by age ____
1 located in the __________
1 located at the _______

A

Begins about the age of 2 and completed by age 12
1 located in the apex of the odontoid process
1 located at the anterior inferior lip

Spinal Anatomy (9 decks)

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