Fiber and Lipid Nutrition

Question 1

Oligosaccharides from breast milk are converted to what by gut bacteria?

Answer 1

short-chain FA

Question 2

Classifications of fiber

Answer 2

soluble: viscous or non-viscous
insoluble: non-viscous

Question 3

Monosaccharides found in fiber

Answer 3

usually glucose

many other monosaccharides are included in dietary fibers

Question 4

Lignin structure

Answer 4

insoluble fiber
branched polymers of phenolic subunits, found in stems and seeds of fruits
very undigestible–almost nothing can digest this

Question 5

Hemicellulose structure

Answer 5

insoluble fiber
linear chain with branches
xylose, mannose, galactose backbone

Question 6

Pectins structure

Answer 6

soluble fiber
branched polymers
almost completely degraded by gut bacteria
fermented to short-chain FA –> colonocytes

Question 7

What makes pectins soluble

Answer 7

carboxylic acids

Question 8

Gums structure

Answer 8

soluble fiber
secreted by plants to close wounds
completely fermented by gut bacteria

Question 9

Beta-glucans

Answer 9

soluble fiber

fermented by gut bacteria to short-chain FA

Question 10

Beta-glucans structure

Answer 10

glucopyranose

Question 11

Fructans structure

Answer 11

soluble fiber

polyfructose

Question 12

Fructans function

Answer 12

prebiotics

prebiotics, promoting growth of bifidobacteria (gram + anaerobes) in gut

Question 13

Psyllium function

Answer 13

metamucil
structure similar to gums
indigestible and holds a lot of water

Question 14

Resistant starch

Answer 14

amylose and amylopectin

inaccessible to amylases or brush border enzymes

Question 15

Soluble fibers function

Answer 15

delay gastric emptying
increase transit time through GI
decrease nutrient uptake

Question 16

Insoluble fibers function

Answer 16

decrease intestinal transit time

increase fecal bulk

Question 17

Viscous fiber function

Answer 17

delay gastric emptying
decrease mixing with digestive enzymes
decrease nutrient uptake

Question 18

Glycemic index

Answer 18

measure of how quickly you can digest carbs
–> measure blood sugar spike
high fiber –> low glycemic index

Question 19

Fiber benefits

Answer 19

lipids
bile salts loss because not reabsorbed –> lower cholesterol
feed good microbiome –> short chain FA
increased fecal bulk

Question 20

Short chain FA functions

Answer 20

feed colonocytes

blunt immune response

Question 21

Short chain FA activate what on immune cells

Answer 21

GPR43
increases IL-10: blunts immune system response
also transcriptional regulation of histone deacetylases

Question 22

GPR43 in
adipose
sk muscle
liver

Answer 22

GPR43:
adipose: decrease insulin sensitivity, decrease storage as TAG
sk muscle: increases insulin sensitivity
liver: increases insulin sensitivity

Question 23

Human breast milk oligosaccharides and bacteria

Answer 23

increase bifidobacteria in colon

can be broken down and used by them

Question 24

Human breast milk oligosaccharides in circulation

Answer 24

molecular mimicry

binds bad bacteria to prevent them from binding to cells