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ENDOCRINOLOGY > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

During the Follicular Phase

Estrogen levels rise steadily – promotes growth and activation of the follicle cells
Progesterone levels peak in the middle and then fall
Progesterone is the major hormone produced
The uterus is in the secretary phase

A

Estrogen levels rise steadily – promotes growth and activation of the follicle cells

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2
Q

During the luteal phase, the positive feedback action on LH secretion is blocked by

Inhibin- (-) feedback on Ant. Pit to suppress FSH
GABA /estrogen
Progesterone- (-)feedback on GnRH neurons- suppresses the ability to respond to estrogen
FSH

A

GABA /estrogen

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3
Q

Sertoli Cells

Produce Mullerian Inhibiting Hormone
Control the process of spermatogenesis
Produce Luminal Fluid
All of the above

A

All of the above

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4
Q

Which of the following is not produced by the human Corpus Luteum?

Progesterone- Relexin, oxytocin
Inhibin- suppresses FSH
Estrogen
Luteinizing Hormone

A

Luteinizing Hormone

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5
Q

Atresia Occurs when

There is excess FSH during the follicular phase
There is too high a ratio of Estrogen : Androgen
There is inadequate LH during the luteal phase
There are numerous large peaks of LH during the luteal phase

A

There is too high a ratio of Estrogen : Androgen

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6
Q

Which of the following stimulates uterine contractions at parturition?

Progesterone – decreases contractility
Oxytocin
Prostaglandins F2 Alpha
Estrogen- allows expansion
Relaxin- allows expansion
Mark all that apply
A

Oxytocin
Prostaglandins F2 Alpha
Estrogen- allows expansion
Relaxin- allows expansion

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7
Q

Which of the following inhibits Calcitonin secretion?

Eating
Estrogen
Glucagon
Low levels of blood calcium

A

Low levels of blood calcium

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8
Q

Parathormone stimulates

Osteoblasts to produce the protein matrix of bone
Osteoclasts to release enzymes that digest the protein of bone
Osteoclasts to secrete bases to raise interstitial fluid PH
The uptake of phosphate from kidney tubule fluid into blood

A

Osteoclasts to release enzymes that digest the protein of bone

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9
Q

Sertoli Cells

Produce Mullerian Inhibiting Hormone
Control the process of spermatogenesis
Produce luminal fluid
All of the above

A

All of the above

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10
Q

Which of the following stimulates uterine contractions at parturition?

Relaxin
Prostaglandins F2 Alpha
Progesterone
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin

A

Prostaglandins F2 Alpha

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11
Q

Which of the following is true?

You can diagnose an endocrine pathology based on a single symptom
Autoimmune responces always cause hypersecretion of a hormone
A hypoendocrine condition of Hormone A could be the result of too high a level of a hormone that opposes the action of a Hormone A
Hypo endocrine conditions are always the result of inadequate hormone secretion

A

A hypoendocrine condition of Hormone A could be the result of too high a level of a hormone that opposes the action of a Hormone A

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12
Q

Embryonic Development of the testis requires

The presence of the testis determining gene
The absence of estrogen
The presence of testosterone
All of the above

A

The presence of the testis determining gene

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13
Q

Embryonic Development of the uterus and oviduct requires

The presence of a functioning ovary
The absence of Mullerian Inhibiting Hormone
The Absence of Testosterone
2 x chromosomes

A

The absence of Mullerian Inhibiting Hormone

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14
Q

In the male LH secretion is suppressed by

Inhibin
FSH- no FSH receptors on leydig cells
Testosterone
Normal Levels of Prolactin- increases LH receptor number

A

Testosterone

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15
Q

In a castrated male blood levels of

LH will be absent
LH will be elevated
LH will be lower then normal
Inhibin will be elevated

A

LH will be elevated

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16
Q

Which of the following can increase the secretion of testosterone?

Normal Levels of Prolactin
Low Social Status
Estrogen
High Levels of Cortisol

A

Normal Levels of Prolactin

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17
Q

Gonadotrophion Releasing Hormone Stimulates the secretion of?

LH
FSH
FSH and LH
Prolactin

A

FSH and LH

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18
Q

Which of the following hormones is not involved in sperm Production?

FSH
Relaxin- sperm maturation
Testosterone
Estrogen

A

Estrogen

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19
Q

Granulose Cells

Regulate maturation of the oocyte
Produce Follicular Fluid
Produce progesterone
All of the above

A

All of the above

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20
Q

Theca Interna Cells Produce

Inhibin
Androgens- estrogen
Lutenizing Hormone- respond to
All of the above

A

Androgens- estrogen

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21
Q

The Dominate Follicle is the:

Follicle that causes atresia of the other follicles by secreting inhibin
One that produces the least estrogen
One that produces the most androgen
The one with the fewest FSH receptors

A

Follicle that causes atresia of the other follicles by secreting inhibin

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22
Q

Atresia of follicles occurs if

They do not get FSH Support when they need it
There are multiple large peaks of LH during the follicular Phase
The Androgen to estrogen ratio in the follicular fluid is too high
All of the above

A

All of the above

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23
Q

Calcitrol

Stimulates the uptake of Calcium (PO4 & Mg++) from the digestive tract
Stimulates the excretion of Calcium in urine
Stimulates osteoblast activity
Inhibits osteoclast activity

A

Stimulates the uptake of Calcium (PO4 & Mg++) from the digestive tract

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24
Q

Calcitonin

Stimulates Osteoclast Activity- calcitriol
Stimulates the Transfer of calcium from the kidney tubule into the blood
Stimulates the release of calcium from bone
Stimulates osteoblasts to secrete the protein matrix of bone

A

Stimulates osteoblasts to secrete the protein matrix of bone

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25
Q

Testosterone production is stimulated by

Hyperprolacrinemia (elevated prolactin levels)
LH
FSH
Elevated Levels of Cortisol

A

LH

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26
Q

Which of the following stimulates Testosterone synthesis?

Estrogen
Normal Levels of Proclactin - & LH
Testicular GnRH
Testosterone

A

Normal Levels of Proclactin - & LH

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27
Q

Which of the Following Inhibits the secretion of FSH?

Testosterone
Inhibin
Hypothalamic GnRH
All of the Above

A

Inhibin

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28
Q

Which of the following exerts Negative Feedback control on LH Secretion?

Testosterone
Hypothalamic GnRH
Inhibin
All of the Above

A

Testosterone

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29
Q

FSH is required for the development of

primordial follicle (under any endocrine environment)
a secondary follicle (under any endocrine environment)
a primary follicle (under any endocrine environment)
all of the above
A

a secondary follicle (under any endocrine environment)

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30
Q

Theca interna Cells are stimulated by

FSH
LH
Inhibin
GnRH

A

LH

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31
Q

The preovulatory surge of LH is stimulated by positive feedback action of

Estrogen
Androgen
Prolactin
Inhibin

A

Estrogen

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32
Q

The Corpus Luteum Forms From

Atretic Follicles
Oocytes that fail to ovulate
The Granulosa and Theca cells of the ovulated follicle
Interstitial tissue of Ovary

A

The Granulosa and Theca cells of the ovulated follicle

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33
Q

Luteolysis occurs due to

Inadequate FSH
Lack of LH or hCG
Too much progesterone
Too much Inhibin

A

Lack of LH or hCG

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34
Q

In the male LH secretion is suppressed by

Inhibin
FSH
Testosterone
Normal levels of Prolactin- excess prolactin

A

Testosterone

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35
Q

A woman’s steroid hormone profile is most like a man’s during

Menstruation
The middle of the luteal phase
The middle of the follicular phase
The 2 days before menstruation

A

The 2 days before menstruation

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36
Q

Which hormone stimulates the secretion of the preovulatory gondadotrophin peak?

Progesterone
Testosterone
Estrogen
Inhibin

A

Estrogen

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37
Q

At which time during the female reproductive cycle do rising levels of estrogen inhibit GnRH secretion by the hypothalamus?

The middle of the follicular phase
Just prior to ovulation
The middle of the luteal phase
Just prior to menstruation

A

Just prior to ovulation

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38
Q

Negative feedback control of GnRH Secretion during the luteal phase is exerted by

Estrogen
Progesterone
Inhibin
GABA

A

Progesterone

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39
Q

Estrogen Stimulates

Glandular secretions of the uterus
Mitosis and duct growth in the mammary gland
Lipolysis
All of the above

A

All of the above

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40
Q

Luteinizing Hormone Stimulates

Ovulation
Completion of the first meiotic division of the oocyte
Formation of the corpus leutum
All of the above

A

All of the above

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41
Q

Luteolysis occurs due to a lack of

LH or hCG
Prostaglandins F 2 Alpha
Estrogen
Progesterone

A

LH or hCG

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42
Q

Which of the following does not stimulate uterine contractions?

Oxytocin
Progesterone
Prostaglandins F2 Alpha
Estrogen

A

Progesterone

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43
Q

At Ovulation Granulosa cells produce

histamine
bradykinins
prostaglandin F2 Alpha
All of the above

A

All of the above

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44
Q

Which of the following hormones is not produced by the placenta?

human chorionic gondaotrophion
estrogen
androgens
progesterone

A

Androgens

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45
Q

Which of the following hormones stimulates milk synthesis?

Oxytocin
Prolactin
Progesterone
Estrogen

A

Prolactin

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46
Q

Which of the following does not increase oxytocin secretion?

Estrogen
Prostaglandins F 2 Alpha
Having the woman in labor lie on her back to relieve the opressure of the fetal head on the uterine cervix
Mechanical stimulates of the mammary glands

A

Having the woman in labor lie on her back to relieve the opressure of the fetal head on the uterine cervix

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47
Q

Sperm production and maturation is stimulates by

Testosterone
Follicle stimulateing Hormone
Relaxin
All of the above

A

All of the above

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48
Q

Sertoli cells

Regulate Spermatogenesis
Secrete Inhibin
Produce androgen binding protein
All of the above

A

All of the above

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49
Q

Which of the following is found completely inside of the blood-testis barrier?

Sertoli cells
Secondary Spermatocytes
Leydig cells
Spermatogonia

A

Sertoli cells

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50
Q

Which of the following exerts negative feedback control of LH secretion?

Hypothalamic GnRH
Testosterone
Inhibin
All of the above

A

Testosterone

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51
Q

Which of the following inhibits the secretion of FSH

Inhibin
Testosterone
Hypothalamic GnRH
All of the above

A

Inhibin

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52
Q

Testosterone secretion can be influenced by

Time of day
Age
Social interactions with other people
All of the above

A

All of the above

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53
Q

Which of the following stimulates the secretion of Both FSH and LH

Testicular GnRH
Melatonin
Huypothalamic GnRH
Prolactin

A

Huypothalamic GnRH

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54
Q

Which of the following go through meiosis

spermatids
spermatocytes
sperm
spermatogonia

A

Spermatocytes

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55
Q

During spermatogenesis

Spermatids lose cytoplasm and form a tail
Sperm are released from the testis
Spermatogonia differenitiate into spermatocytes
Spermatids divide to produce sperm

A

Spermatids lose cytoplasm and form a tail

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56
Q

Luteolysis occurs due to

inadequate FSH
Too little Progesterone
A lack of LH of hCG
Inadequate Inhibin Levels

A

A lack of LH of hCG

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57
Q

Which of the following is Not caused by the preovulatory surge of LH?

ovulation
menstruation
completion of the first meiotic division of the oocyte
progesterone secretion

A

menstruation

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58
Q

During the luteal phase the positive feedback action on LH secretion is blocked by

Inhibin -FSH
GnRH
Estrogen
Progesterone

A

Estrogen

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59
Q 
The secretion of GnRH can be inhibited by - testosterone
Hyper Prolactinemia
Hypo Prolactinemia
Preovulatory levels of estrogen
Good nutrition
A

Hyper prolactinemia

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60
Q

Estrogen does not stimulate

growth of uterine glandular ducts
growth of the vaginal epithelium
growth of mammary glandular ducts
uterine glandular secretions

A

uterine glandular secretions

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61
Q

The acrosome reaction causes

The fertilization of an egg by a sperm
The digestion of the zona pellucida
Capacitation of sperm
Transport of sperm from the vagina to the oviduct

A

The digestion of the zona pellucida

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62
Q

Sperm can survive the longest in

The vagina
The uterus
Estrogen stimulated cervical mucous
Progesterone Stimulated Cervial Mucous

A

Estrogen stimulated cervical mucous

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63
Q

Milk Synthesis is stimulated by

Prolactin
Progesterone
Estrogen
Alll of the above

A

Prolactin

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64
Q

The release of milk from the mammary gland is dependent on

Prolactin
Oxytocin
Estrogen
Progesterone

A

Oxytocin

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65
Q

Which of the following inhibits uterine contractions?

Prostaglandis F2 Alpha
Oxytocin
Progesterone
Estrogen

A

Progesterone

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66
Q

Calcitriol

stimulates the uptake of Calcium from the digestive tract
stimulates the excretion of calcium in urine
stimulates calcium deposition in bone
inhibits osteoclast activity

A

stimulates the uptake of Calcium from the digestive tract

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67
Q

Calcitonin

Stimulates Osteoclast activity- ( no… osteoblast)
Stimulates the transfer of Calcium from the kidney tubule into the blood
Stimulates the release of calcium from bone
Stimulates osteoblasts to secrete the protein matrix of bone

A

Stimulates osteoblasts to secrete the protein matrix of bone

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68
Q

Calcitonin

Synthesis is inhibited by estrogens and androgens
Secretion is stimulated by Cholescystokinin
Stimulates Appetite
Secretion is inhibited by Calcitriol

A

Secretion is stimulated by Cholescystokinin

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69
Q

Parathormone releated peptide

Stimulates the uptake of Calcium from the digestive tract
Stimulates the transfer of calcium into the mammary glands
Synthesis is inhibited by Prolactin
Synthesis is stimulated by Parathormone

A

Stimulates the transfer of calcium into the mammary glands

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70
Q

Which of the following has inadequate bone protein matrix?

Rickets
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis
All of the above

A

Osteoporosis

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71
Q

Which of the following is likely to be observed in Hyperparathyroidism?

Strong bones
Numerious overactice osteoclasts
Hypocalcemia
Skeletal muscle tetany

A

Numerious overactice osteoclasts

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72
Q

In order for an embryonic ovary to develop one needs

The absence of Mullerian Inhibitng Hormone
Estrogen
One normal X Chromosome and no Y Chromosome
Two normal X Chromosomes

A

The absence of Mullerian Inhibitng Hormone

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73
Q

The embryonic differentiation of a testis requires

The testis determining gene
Functional androgen receptors
Androgens
The absence of estrogens

A

The testis determining gene

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74
Q

The development of the embryonic brain in the male direction is determined by

Testosterone
The presence of a Y Chromosome
Di Hydro-testosterone (DHT)
The presence of male external genitals

A

Testosterone

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75
Q

When embryonic hormone levels cause the development of sexually dimorphic nuclei, they are exerting

negative feedback
an activational effect
positive feedback
and organizational effect

A

an activational effect

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76
Q

The embryonic development of a uterus depends on

The absence of androgens
The presence of mullerian inhibiting hormone
The absence of mullerian inhibiting hormone
The presence of functional ovaries

A

The absence of mullerian inhibiting hormone

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77
Q

The embryonic development of the internal male reproductive tract requires

the absence of mullerian inhibiting hormone
the presence of testes
the ability to convert testosterone into DHT
androgens and functional androgen receptors

A

androgens and functional androgen receptors

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78
Q

The Development of male external genitals depends on

Testosterone
Functional androgen receptors
The ability to convert testosterone into DHT
All of the above

A

All of the above

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79
Q

An embryo with a normal Y chromosome, who lacks androgen receptors will have

No internal reproductive structures at all, a female external appearance and a male brain
Testes, a uterus and a vagina
Testes, no internal reproductive tract and a female external appearance
????????The development of a penis at puberty but otherwise be normally female

A

No internal reproductive structures at all, a female external appearance and a male brain

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80
Q

Di-Hydro-testosterone is needed for

embryonic development of the external male genitals
adult development of femal mammary tissue
embryonic development of the internal male reproductive tract
the synthesis of testosterone

A

embryonic development of the external male genitals

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81
Q

Testosterone production is stimulated by

Hyperprolactenemia
Lutenizing hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Inhibin

A

LH

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82
Q

The rate limiting step for testosterone production by the testes is

Cholesterol side chain cleavage
Estrogen synthesis
The loss of 2 carbons from progesterone
Vitamin D3 Synthesis

A

Cholesterol side chain cleavage

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83
Q

Leydig cells produce

luteinizing hormone
mulleriam inhibiting hormone
testosterone
inhibin

A

Testosterone

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84
Q

The secretion of Parathormone is stimulated by

low blood calcium
elevated blood calcium
calcitriol
parathyroid stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary

A

low blood calcium

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85
Q

The secretion of calcitriol is stimulated by

low blood calcium
parathormone
high blood calcium
calcitonin

A

parathormone

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86
Q

The secretion of calcitonin is stimulated by

Thyroid stimulating hormone
Low blood calcium
Parathormone
High blood calcium

A

High blood calcium

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87
Q

Parathormone Related Peptide

Stimulates the uptake of calcium from the digestive tract
Synthesis is inhibitied by Prolactin
Stimulates the uptake of Calcium by the mammary glands
Synthesis is stimulated by Parathormone

A

Stimulates the uptake of Calcium by the mammary glands

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3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Calcitonin

Secretion is stimulated by Cholescystokinin- digestion
Synthesis is inhibited by estrogens and androgens- stimulated
Stimulates appetite
All of the above

A

Secretion is stimulated by Cholescystokinin- digestion

89
Q

Calcitriol is synthesized by

The liver
The skin
The Kidney
The parathyroid Gland

A

The kidney

90
Q

Vitamin D3 is necessary for bone remodelling because

it opposes the action of calcitriol on bone
it is a preprohormone of calcitriol
it acts directly on bone at normal concentrations of Vitamin D3 in the blood
it is a cofactor for the enzyme that synthesizes calcitonin

A

it is a preprohormone of calcitriol

91
Q

Which of the following has adequate bone protein matrix, but inadequate bone calcium phosphate deposits?

Rickets
Hypoparathyroidism
Osteoporosis
All of the above

A

Rickets

92
Q

Which of the following hormones stimulates protein synthesis by osteoblasts?

Growth Homone Via Insulin like growth factors
Insulin
Androgens
All of the above

A

All of the above

93
Q

The embryonic differentiation of a testis requires

Functional androgen receptors
Androgens
The testis determining gene
The ability to convert testosterone to DHT

A

The testis determining gene

94
Q

The embryonic differentiation of an ovary will occur in an individual with

2 normal x chromosomes
an xo (turner’s syndrome)
an XY who lacks the testis determining gene
all of the above

A

2 normal x chromosomes

95
Q

The embryonic development of a uterus depends on

the absence of androgens
the absence of mullerian inhibiting hormone
the presence of mullerian inhibiting hormone
the presence of functional ovaries

A

the absence of mullerian inhibiting hormone

96
Q

The embryonic development of the internal male reproductive tract requires

The presence of testes
Functional androgen receptors
The ability to convert testosterone in DHT
All of the above

A

Functional androgen receptors

97
Q

The development of the embryonic brain in the male direction is determined by

DHT
Testosterone
The presence of a Y chromosome
The presence of male external genitals

A

Testosterone

98
Q

Hormones can influence the development of neurons by

Stimulating Programmed cell death
Stimulating hypertrophy
Stimulating the retention of neurons
All of the above

A

Stimulating the retention of neurons

99
Q

When rising hormone levels in an adult stimulate gender role related behaviors they are exerting

an organizational effect
negative feedback
an activational effect
positive feedback

A

an activational effect

100
Q

Which of the following can occur in humans?

Men with remnants of an embryonic uterus
Women with remnants of the embryonic male internal tract
A hermaphrodite with both ovarian and testicular tissue
All of the above

A

All of the above

101
Q

Leydig Cells secrete

Testosterone
Inhibin
Mullerian inhibiting hormone
All of the above

A

Testosterone

102
Q

Sertoli Cells

regulate spermatogenesis
produce testicular luminal fluid
convert testosterone into estrogen
all of the above

A

All of the above

103
Q

Testosterone production is stimulated by

Hyperprolactinemia (elevated Prolactin Levels)
LH
FSH
Elevated levels of Cortisol

A

LH

104
Q

Sertoli cell function is stimulated by

FSH
Insulin like Growth Factors
Testosterone
All of the above

A

FSH

105
Q

Which of the following is necessary for spermatogenesis?

FSH
Androgen binding protein
Testosterone
All of the above

A

All of the above

106
Q

Which of the following stimulates Testosterone Synthesis

Estrogen
Normal levels of Prolactin
Testicular GnRH
Testosterone

A

Normal levels of Prolactin

107
Q

Which of the following inhibits the secretion of FSH?

Testosterone
Hypothalamic GnRH
Inhibin
Follicle Stimulating Hormone

A

Inhibin

108
Q

Which of the following exerts negative feedback control on LH Secretion?

Testosterone
Hypothalamic GnRH
Inhibin
Follicle Stimulating Hormone

A

Testosterone

109
Q

Which of the following stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH?

Hypothalamic GnRH
Melatonin
Testicular GnRH
Prolactin

A

Hypothalamic GnRH

110
Q

Testosterone

Is a steroid hormone and acts by stimulating G proteins
Is a steroid hormone and acts by altering gene expression
Is a protein hormone and acts by altering gene expression
Is a protein hormone and acts by stimulating G Proteins

A

Is a steroid hormone and acts by stimulating G proteins

111
Q

Which of the following is found outside of the blood-testis barrier?

Spermatids
Spermatocytes
Sperm
Spermatogonia

A

Spermatogonia

112
Q

Which of the following go through meiosis?

Spermatids
Spermatocytes
Sperm
Spermatogonia

A

Spermatocytes

113
Q

During Spermiogenesis

Sperm enlarge
DNA is packed into an inactive state
The mitotic divisions of spermatogenesis occur
One spermatid produces 4 sperm

A

One spermatid produces 4 sperm

114
Q

The Germ cell inside a developing follicle is

An oogonia
Completing meiosis
A pritmary oocyte arrested at prophase of meiosis I
Metabolically Inactive

A

A pritmary oocyte arrested at prophase of meiosis I

115
Q

FSH is required for the development of

A primordial Follicle
A Secondary follicle
A primary follicle
All of the above

A

A Secondary follicle

116
Q

Theca Interna Cells are stimulated by

FSH
Inhibin
LH
GnRH

A

LH

117
Q

Which of the following will cause atresia?

Extra FSH
Excess Androgen
Excess Estrogen
Too high a ratio of FSH:LH

A

Excess Androgen

118
Q

Estrogens Stimulate

Mitotic Division of granulose cells
The development of estrogen receptors in granulose cells
The development of FSH receptors in granulose cells
All of the above

A

All of the above

119
Q

Theca Internal Cells Secrete

Inhibin
Progesterone
Androgens
Follicular Fluid

A

Androgens

120
Q

Granulosa Cells produce

Mullerian Inhibiting Hormone
Insulin like growth factors
Inhibin
All of the above

A

Inhibin

121
Q

The preovulatory surge of LH stimulated by positive feedback action of

Estrogen
Prolactin
Androgen
Inhibin

A

Estrogen

122
Q

Which of the following is not caused by the preovulatory surge of LH?

Ovulation
Menstruation
The formation of the corpus luteum
Progesterone Secretion

A

Menstruation

123
Q

Which of the following cause the follicle wall to break down at ovulation?

Prostaglandins F2 Alpha
Histamine
Bradykinin
All of the above

A

All of the above

124
Q

The molecules that cause ovulation and release the oocyte from inhibition are produced by the

Granulosa Cells
Oocyte
Theca Interna Cells
Basement membrane of the follicle

A

Granulosa Cells

125
Q

The corpus luteum forms from

Atretic follicles
The granulose and theca cells of the ovulated follicle
Oocytes that fail to ovulate
Interstial tissue of the ovary

A

The granulose and theca cells of the ovulated follicle

126
Q

The corpus luteum produces

Progesterone
Relaxin
Estrogen
All of the above

A

All of the above

127
Q

During a Human Female reproductive cycle when pregnancy does not occur the corpus luteum survives

For 12 days
For one year
For one month
For 3 days

A

For 12 days

128
Q

Luteolysis occurs due to

Inadequate FSH
A lack of LH or hCG
Too much progesterone
Too much inhibin

A

A lack of LH or hCG

129
Q

During the follicular phase

Estrogen levels rise steadily
Progesterone levels peak in the middle and then fall
Progesterone is the major hormone produced
The uterus is in the decretory phase

A

Estrogen levels rise steadily

130
Q

The secretion of GnRH can be inhibited by

Hyper Prolactinemia
Very low levels of Meltonin
Preovulatory levels of estrogen
Good nutrition

A

Preovulatory levels of estrogen

131
Q

During the luteal phase, the positive feedback action on LH secretion is blocked by

Inhibin
GABA
Progesterone
FSH

A

FSH

132
Q

Estrogen Stimulates Growth of

Uterine Glandular ducts
The vaginal epithelium
Mammary glandular ducts
All of the above

A

All of the above

133
Q

Milk synthesis is stimulated by

Prolactin
Estrogen
Oxytocin
Progesterone

A

Prolactin

134
Q

Which of the following does not stimulate uterine contractions?

Prostaglandins F2 Alpha
Oxytocin
Estrogen
Progesterone

A

Progesterone

135
Q

Relaxin

Inhibits sperm maturation
Stimulates the softening of the cervix
Stimulates uterine contractions
Is produced by the uterus

A

Stimulates the softening of the cervix

136
Q

When the fetal adrenal secretes rising levels of Cortisol

The onset of parturition is delayed
The progesterone : Estrogen ratio in the uterus rises
Falling levels of uterine progesterone allow uterine myometrium gap junctions to develop
Fetal Lung maturation is inhibited

A

Falling levels of uterine progesterone allow uterine myometrium gap junctions to develop

137
Q

The placenta produces all known hormone except for

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin
A thyrotrophic hormone
Androgens
A Placental Prolactin

A

A thyrotrophic hormone

138
Q

The secretion of hormones can be influenced by

Neurotransmitters
Sensory information from the spinal cord
Environmental Stimuli
All of the above

A

All of the above

139
Q

Matching

A. Parathormone
B. Calcitriol
C. Vitamin D3
D. Parathormone Related Peptide E. Calcitonin

  1. Lowers calcium levels in blood
  2. Directly stimulates the uptake of calcium from the digestive tract.
  3. Stimulates the excretion of calcium in urine
  4. Stimulates the excretion of phosphate in urine
  5. Stimulates synthesis of the protein matrix of bone.
  6. Inhibits osteoclast activity.
  7. estrogen stimulates the synthesis of it
  8. Stimulates the uptake of calcium into mammary glands for milk production
  9. Stimulates calcitriol synthesis
  10. Secretion is directly stimulated by hypocalcemia
  11. Secretion is directly stimulated by hypercalcemia
  12. Is the precursor for calcitriol
  13. Is produced by the kidney
  14. Is produced by the thyroid gland
  15. A tumor that produces this hormone causes overactivity of osteoclasts, kidney stones, and digestive tract upset
  16. Acts in negative feedback to suppress parathormone secretion
  17. Inhibits food intake
A
  1. Calcitonin
  2. Calcitriol
  3. Calcitonin
  4. PTH
  5. Calcitonin
  6. Calcitonin
  7. Calcitriol
  8. PRP
  9. PTH
  10. PTH
  11. Calcitonin
  12. V D3
  13. Calcitriol
  14. Calcitonin
  15. PTH
  16. Calcitriol
  17. Calcitonin
140
Q

Which of the following stimulates testosterone synthesis and secretion?

lutenizing hormone
Hyper prolactinemia
Testicular gonadotrophin releasing hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone

A

LH

141
Q

Which of the following inhibits Follicle Stimulating Hormone Secretion?

Luteinizing hormone
Inhibin
Hypothalamic Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone

A

Inhibin

142
Q

Leydig Cells

Produce testicular luminal fluid – sertoli cells
Produce androgen binding protein- sertoli cells
Produce progesterone
Produce testosterone

A

Produce testosterone

143
Q

Sertoli cells do not

produce testosterone - leydig
produce inhibin
regulate sperm maturation
convert testosterone into estrogen

A

produce testosterone - leydig

144
Q

The prostaglandins found in seminal fluid are produced by the

Prostrate
Epididymus
Testis
Seminal vesicles – prostaglandins, fructose, fibrinogen

A

Seminal vesicles – prostaglandins, fructose, fibrinogen

145
Q

Embryonic development of the testis requires

the presence of the testis determining gene
the presence of testosterone
the absence of estrogen
all of the above

A

All of the above

146
Q

Embryonic development of the uterus and oviduct requires

the presence of a functioning ovary
the absence of Mullerian Inhibing Hormone
the absence of testosterone
2 X chromosomes

A

the absence of Mullerian Inhibing Hormone

147
Q

In the male LH secretion is suppressed by

Inhibin
FSH
Testosterone
Normal levels of Prolactin

A

Testosterone

148
Q

In Castrated male blood levels of

LH will be absent
LH will be elevated
LH will be lower then normal
Inhibin will be elevated

A

LH will be elevated

149
Q

Which of the following can increase the secretion of testosterone?

normal levels of prolactin
low social status
estrogen
high levels of cortisol

A

normal levels of prolactin

150
Q

Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone stimulates the secretion of

LH
FSH
FSH and LH
Prolactin

A

FSH and LH

151
Q

Which of the following hormones is not involved in sperm production?

FSH
Relaxin
Testosterone
Estrogen

A

Relaxin

152
Q

Granulosa Cells

Regulate maturation of the oocyte
Produce follicular fluid
Produce progesterone
All of the above

A

All of the above

153
Q

Theca Internal Cells Produce

Inhibin- Granulose Cells
Luteinizing hormone- Ant Pit
Androgens- estrogen
All of the above

A

Androgens- estrogen

154
Q

The dominant follicle is the

Follicle that causes atresia of the other follicles by secreting inhibin
One that produces the least estrogen - Increase Amts of Estrogen
One that produces the most androgen
The one with the fewest FSH receptors – Increase FSH Receptors

A

Follicle that causes atresia of the other follicles by secreting inhibin

155
Q

Atresia of follicles occurs if

they do not get FSH supports when they need it
there are multiple large peaks of LH during the follicular phase
the androgen to estrogen ratio in the follicular fluid is too high
all of the above

A

All of the above

156
Q

Which of the following is not produced by granulose cells?

Mullerian Inhibiting Hormone
Androgen- theca interna
Inhibin
Progesterone

A

Androgen- theca interna

157
Q

Which of the following can mature in any endocrine environment?

A primordial follicle
A secondary follicle
A tertiary follicle
All of the above

A

All of the above

158
Q

Theca Internal Cells are stimulated by

GnRH
Inhibin
FSH
LH – only

A

LH- only

159
Q

Estrogens Stimulate

The synthesis of androgens by granulose cells
The synthesis of estrogen by granulose cells
The loss of FSH receptors in granulose cells
The loss of LH receptors from granulose cells

A

The synthesis of androgens by granulose cells

160
Q

Atresia is

the release of the egg from the follicle
the formation of a corpus luteum
the programmed death of a follicle
the growth of the oocyte

A

the programmed death of a follicle

161
Q

If extra FSH is given to a woman during the follicular phase

it will rescue follicles from atresia
it will cause atresia
it will block ovulation
it will inhibit the secretion of Inhibin

A

it will rescue follicles from atresia

162
Q

The molecules that cause ovulation and release the oocyte from inhibition are produced by the

Theca Internal cells
Oocyte
Granulose cells

A

Granulose cells

163
Q

Theca interna cells secrete

inhibin
androgens – estrogen
progesterone
follicular fluid

A

androgens- estrogen

164
Q

The preovulatory surge of LH is stimulated by positive feedback action of

estrogen
prolactin
androgen
inhibin

A

estrogen

165
Q

The human corpus luteum does not produce

human chorionic gonadotrophin- trophoblast cells in the embryo
estrogen
relaxin
inhibin

A

human chorionic gonadotrophin- trophoblast cells in the embryo

166
Q

Luteolysis occurs due to

Inadequate FSH
Too little progesterone
A lack of LH or hCG
Inadequate inhibin levels

A

A lack of LH or hCG

167
Q

Which of the following is not caused by the preovulatory surge of LH?

Ovulation
Menstruation
Completeion of the first meiotic division of the oocyte
Progesterone secretion

A

Menstruation

168
Q

During the luteal phase, the positive feedback action of LH secretion is blocked by

Inhibin
GnRH
Estrogen
Progesterone

A

Inhibin

169
Q

The secretion of GnRH can be inhibited by

Hyper Prolactinemia
Hypo Prolactinemia
Preovulatory levels of estrogen
Good Nutrition

A

Hyper Prolactinemia

170
Q

Estrogen does not stimulate

growth of uterine glandular ducts
growth of the baginal epithelium
growth of mammary glandular ducts
uterine glandular secretion- progesterone

A

uterine glandular secretion- progesterone

171
Q

The acrosome reaction causes

The fertilization of an egg by a sperm
The digestion of the zona ellucid
Capacitation of sperm
Transport of sperm from the vagina to the oviduct

A

Transport of sperm from the vagina to the oviduct

172
Q

Sperm can survive the longest in

the vagina
the uterus
estrogen stimulated cervical mucous- follicular phase
progesterone stimulated cervical mucous

A

estrogen stimulated cervical mucous- follicular phase

173
Q

Milk synthesis is stimulated by

prolactin
progesterone
estrogen
all of the above

A

prolactin

174
Q

The release of milk from the mammary glands is dependent on

prolactin
oxytocin
estrogen
progesterone

A

oxytocin

175
Q

Which of the following inhibits uterine contractions?

Prostaglandins F2 Alpha
Oxytocin
Progesterone (suppresses coordinated uterine contractions)
Estrogen

A

Progesterone (suppresses coordinated uterine contractions)

176
Q

Rising fetal cortisol production

prepares the fetus to survive outside of the uterus
inhibits uterine contractions
stimulates local levels of uterine progesterone
inhibits the development of gap junctions between the uterine myometrial cells

A

prepares the fetus to survive outside of the uterus

177
Q

The production of DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) by the fetal adrenal is necessary for the placenta to produce

progesterone
cholesterol
estrogen
human chorionic gondadotrophin

A

Estrogen

178
Q

An enlarged endocrine organ could be an indication of

excessive hormone production by the organ
inadequate hormone production by the organ
a tumor that secretes the trophic hormone for the organ
all of the above

A

a tumor that secretes the trophic hormone for the organ

179
Q

A person who is very sensitive to a hormone is likely to have

elevated blood levels of the hormone
high levels of receptors for the hormone
a mutated hormone receptor that does not work
the ability to destroy the hormone very rapidly

A

high levels of receptors for the hormone

180
Q

A hypoendocrine condition of hormone “a” could be the result of

An “A” Hormone producing tumor
Too many receptors for the hormone “A”
The presence of hormones that synergize with hormone “A”
The absence of a precursor for hormone “A”

A

An “A” Hormone producing tumor ???

181
Q

The liver contributes to endocrine balance by

producing preprohormones
metabolizing hormones
producing carrier proteins for hormones
all of the above

A

producing carrier proteins for hormones

182
Q

The hypothalamus produces

Releasing and Inhibiting Hormones
Trophic hormones
Steroid Hormones
All of the above

A

Trophic hormones

183
Q

. Which of the following is least likely to be a cause of osteoporosis?
A. excessive thinness
B. inadequate protein in the diet
C. lack of exercise
D. excessive calcitonin production

A

D. Excessive calcitonin production

184
Q 
Which of the following increases the synthesis of calcitonin?         
A.  Parathyroid hormone          
B.  Calcitriol         
C.  Estrogen                     
D.  Starvation
A

C. Estrogen

185
Q 
Which of the following problems is a person suffering from multiple breaks in their bones, kidney        stones, mental depression and digestive tract upset, most likely to have?         
A.  Hyperparathyroidism         
 B.  Osteomalacia         
C.  Rickets                      
D.  Osteoporosis
A

A. Hyperparathyroidism

186
Q 
Calcitriol is synthesized in the          
A. Liver        
 B.  kidney       
C.  Thyroid      
D.  Parathyroid
A

B. Kidney

187
Q 
Calcitonin is synthesized in the          
A. Liver         
B. kidney       
C.  thyroid      
D. parathyroid
A

C. Thyroid

188
Q

he production of hormone receptors and enzymes needed to synthesize testosterone is stimulated by
A. normal male levels of prolactin
B. elevated male levels of prolactin
C. absence of prolactin in males
D. follicle stimulating hormone

A

A. Normal male levels of prolactin

189
Q

Which of the following is not an action of Testicular sertoli cells?
A. regulation of spermatogenesis
B. synthesis and secretion of inhibin
C. synthesis and secretion of testosterone D. production of testicular luminal fluid

A

C. Synthesis and secretion of testosterone

190
Q 
Which of the following exerts negative feedback on FSH secretion in the male?       
A.  Testosterone              
B.  Mullerian Inhibiting Hormone       
C.  Inhibin                   
D.  Luteinizing Hormone
A

C. Inhibin

191
Q

Which of the following molecules stimulates spermatogenesis?
A. FSH
B. Testosterone
C. Insulin like Growth Factors
D. All of the these

A

D. All of these

192
Q 
Sperm maturation occurs in the        
A.  Epididymus      
B.  prostate      
C. seminal vesicles 
D. all of these
A

A. Epididymus

193
Q 
The prostaglandins found in seminal fluid are produced in the        
A.  Testes            
B. prostate      
C. seminal vesicles       
D. Epididymus
A

C. Seminal Vesicles

194
Q

Which of the following is not an action of testoterone?
A. causes the initial differentiation of the embryonic gonad into a testis
B. stimulates libido in males
C. stimulates the differentiation of the male external genitals
D. influences the differentiation of the sexually dimorphic nuclei in the brain

A

A- Causes the initial differentiation of embryonic gonad into a testis

195
Q 
29. Production of progesterone by the ovary is primarily the function of        
A.  primordial follicles         
B.  revelatory follicles       
C.  corpora lutem             
D.  oocytes
A

C- Corpora luteum

196
Q
  1. The fate of the majority of human ovarian follicles is
    A. development to the revelatory stage
    B. ovulation
    C. ferilization
    D. atresia
A

A- development to the revelatory stage

197
Q 
31. Which of the following can cause ovarian follicular atresia?       
A.  excessive estrogen                 
B. excessive Luteinizing hormone       
C.  excessive FSH                    
D. All of these
A

D- All of these

198
Q 
The primary oocytes complete the 1st meiotic division       
A. before birth        
B. at puberty     
C. at ovulation   
D.  At fertilization
A

C- At ovulation

199
Q

Which of the following hormones prevents the secretion of GnRH by the cycle center of the hypothalamus during the ovarian luteal phase? A. Testosterone
B. Progesterone
C. Estrogen
D. Mullerian Inhibiting Hormone

A

B- Progesterone

200
Q 
What saves the corpus luteum from going through luteolysis in a fertile reproductive cycle?       
A.  HCG     
B.  Estrogen     
C.  Progesterone          
D.  FSH
A

A. HCG

201
Q 
What hormone is secreted by the dominant revelatory follicle that causes atresia of the other revelatory follicles?       
A.  Prolactin          
B.  Oxytocin     
C.  Inhibin      
D. Estrogen
A

C- Inhibin

202
Q

During the follicular phase, estrogen stimulates
A. granulosa cells to develop more FSH receptors
B. granulosa cells to produce more estrogen C. granulosa cells to go through mitosis
D. All of the above

A

D- All of the above

203
Q

Which of the following is a function of ovarian Granulosa cells?
A. produces inhibitors of oocyte maturation B. produces molecules necessary for ovulation of the oocyte
C. produces many molecules found in follicular fluid
D. All of the above

A

D- All of the above

204
Q

Which of the following is a function of ovarian theca Interna cells?
A. regulates oocyte maturation
B. produces and secretes estrogens into blood
C. produces inhibin
D. forms the blood/follicle barrier

A

B. Produces and secretes estrogens into blood

205
Q

Progesterone stimulates
A. formation of gap junctions b/w cells of the uterine myometrium
B. secretory activity of the endometrial glands C. production of milk
D. contraction of the uterine myometrium

A

A- formation of gap junction b/w cells of the uterine myometrium

206
Q

Ovulation occurs
A. at the end of the follicular phase
B. At the middle of the luteal phase
C. during menstruation
D. in the middle of the follicular phase

A

A- at the end of the follicular phase

207
Q 
Which of the following hormones only functions in the female and has no functions in the male?         A.  Relaxin              
B.  Prolactin          
C.  Oxytoncin            
D.  All of these           
E.  None of these
A

E- none of these

208
Q

Which of the following hormones stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum during a natural reproductive cycle?
A. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
B. Luteinizing Hormone
C. HCG
D. Estrogen

A

C- HCG

209
Q 
The human corpus luteum produces         
A.  Progesterone          
B.  Inhibin              
C.  Relaxin              
D. All of these
A

D- All of these

210
Q 
Which of the following hormones competes with Aldosterone for its receptors in the kidney and changes in its levels influences water retention prior to menstruation?         
A.  Testosterone          
B.  Estrogen             
C.  Progesterone          
D.  Relaxin
A

C- Progesterone

211
Q

Estrogen stimulates
A. contactions of the fimbria of the oviduct of the of oxidation
B. production of cervical menicus that prolongs sperm survival
C. Ke of vaginal epithelium that produces the femal reproductive tract from infections and damage
D. All of the above

A

D- All of the above

212
Q

Which of the following hormones is not produced by the placenta?
A. HCG
B. hormones with similar actions to the hypothalamic and pituitary hormones
C. Testosterone
D. Progesterone

A

D- Progesterone

213
Q 
During the 1st trimester of pregnancy, the raising levels of progesterone that are observed in the        mother’s blood are produced by the         
 A.  Placenta             
B.  mother’s corpus luteum         
C.  fetal adrenal glands    
D.  inner cell mass of the embryo
A

B- Mother’s corpus luteum

214
Q

The fetal adrenal glands are important for A. production of androgens during pregnancy B. secretion of rising levels of cortisol at the end of pregnancy that activates p
C. secretion of risising levels of cortisol that stimulates nat
D. all of the above

A

D- All of the above

215
Q 
The highest levels of HCG in maternal blood are observed during         
A.  1st trimester          
B.  2nd trimester         
C.  3rd trimester          
D.  all of pregnancy equally
A

A- First trimester

216
Q

Which of the following hormones causees the softening of the uterine cervical connective tissue allowing it to stretch at partuirition? A. Progesterone
B. Relaxin
C. Oxytocin
D. Prolactin

A

B- Relaxin

217
Q 
Which of the following hormones inhibits uterine contaction?         
A. progesterone          
B.  Estrogen     
C.  Oxytocin     
D.  Prostagladins F2 alpha
A

A- Progesterone

218
Q

Which of the following hormones is incorrectly matched with its action on mammary glands? A. Prolactin-stimulates milk synthesis
B. Oxytocin-stimulates milk synthese
C. Oxytocin-stimulates the release of milk D. Progesterone-inhibit’s the activation of enzymes involved in milk synthesis

A

C- Oxytocin stimulates milk synthesis

219
Q

Which of the following is an effect of lactation on the mother?
A. hastens the return of ovulatory cycles
B. stimulates uterine contractions and returns the uterus to a smaller size faster
C. increases the mother’s ability to store and retain fat
D. inhibits Endorphin release and causes the “ baby blues” and post partum depression

A

B- stimulates uterine contractions and returns the uterus to a smaller size faster

ENDOCRINOLOGY (1 decks)

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