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Section II General Surgery P203Surgical Recall Sixth > GI Hormones and Physiology, C34 P199-203 > Flashcards

GI Hormones and Physiology, C34 P199-203 Flashcards

1
Q

OVERVIEW
Define the products of the following stomach cells:
Gastric parietal cells
P199

A

HCl

Intrinsic factor

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2
Q

OVERVIEW
Define the products of the following stomach cells:
Chief cells
P199

A

PEPsinogen (Think: “a PEPpy chief”)

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3
Q

OVERVIEW
Define the products of the following stomach cells:
G cells
P199

A

Gastrin, G cells are found in the antrum

Think: G = Gastrin

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4
Q

OVERVIEW
Define the products of the following stomach cells:
Mucous neck cells
P199

A

Bicarbonate mucus

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5
Q

OVERVIEW
What is pepsin?
P199

A

Proteolytic enzyme that hydrolyzes

peptide bonds

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6
Q

OVERVIEW
What is intrinsic factor?
P199

A

Protein secreted by the parietal cells that
combines with vitamin B12 and enables
absorption in the terminal ileum

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7
Q 
OVERVIEW
Name three receptors on the
parietal cell that stimulate
HCl release.
P199
A

Think: “HAG”:

  1. Histamine
  2. Acetylcholine
  3. Gastrin
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8
Q

OVERVIEW
What is the enterohepatic
circulation?
P199

A

Circulation of bile acids from the liver
to the gut and back to the liver via the
portal vein

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9
Q

OVERVIEW
Where are most of the bile
acids absorbed?
P199

A

Terminal ileum

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10
Q 
OVERVIEW
How many times is the entire
bile acid pool circulated
during a typical meal?
P200
A

Twice

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11
Q

OVERVIEW
What are the stimulators of
gallbladder emptying?
P200

A

Cholecystokinin, vagal input

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12
Q

OVERVIEW
What are the inhibitors of
gallbladder emptying?
P200

A

Somatostatin, sympathetics (it is impossible
to flee and digest food at the same time),
vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)

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13
Q

CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)
What is its source?
P200

A

Duodenal mucosal cells

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14
Q

CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)
What stimulates its release?
P200

A

Fat, protein, amino acids, HCl

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15
Q

CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)
What inhibits its release?
P200

A

Trypsin and chymotrypsin

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16
Q

CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)
What are its actions?
P200

A 
Empties gallbladder
Opens ampulla of Vater
Slows gastric emptying
Stimulates pancreatic acinar cell growth
    and release of exocrine products
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17
Q

SECRETIN
What is its source?
P200

A 
Duodenal cells (specifically the
argyrophilic S cells)
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18
Q

SECRETIN
What stimulates its release?
P200

A

pH < 4.5 (acid), fat in the duodenum

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19
Q

SECRETIN
What inhibits its release?
P200

A

High pH in the duodenum

20
Q

SECRETIN
What are its actions?
P200

A 
Releases pancreatic bicarbonate/enzymes/
    H(2)O
Releases bile/bicarbonate
Decreases lower esophageal sphincter
    (LES) tone
Decreases release of gastric acid
21
Q

GASTRIN
What is its source?
P200

A

Gastric antrum G cells

22
Q

GASTRIN
What stimulates its release?
P201

A

Stomach peptides/amino acids
Vagal input
Calcium

23
Q

GASTRIN
What inhibits its release?
P201

A

pH < 3.0

Somatostatin

24
Q

GASTRIN
What are its actions?
P201

A

Release of HCl from parietal cells
Trophic effect on mucosa of the stomach
and small intestine

25
Q

SOMATOSTATIN
What is its source?
P201

A

Pancreatic D cells

26
Q

SOMATOSTATIN
What stimulates its release?
P201

A

Food

27
Q

SOMATOSTATIN
What are its actions?
P201

A

Globally inhibits GI function

28
Q

MISCELLANEOUS
What is the purpose of the colon?
P201

A

Reabsorption of H(2)O and storage of stool

29
Q

MISCELLANEOUS
What is the main small
bowel nutritional source?
P201

A

Glutamine

30
Q

MISCELLANEOUS
What is the main nutritional
source of the colon?
P201

A

Butyrate (short-chain fatty acid)

31
Q

MISCELLANEOUS
Where is calcium absorbed?
P201

A

Duodenum actively, jejunum passively

32
Q

MISCELLANEOUS
Where is iron absorbed?
P201

A

Duodenum

33
Q

MISCELLANEOUS
Where is vitamin B12
absorbed?
P201

A

Terminal ileum

34
Q 
MISCELLANEOUS
Which hormone primarily
controls gallbladder
contraction?
P201
A

CCK

35
Q 
MISCELLANEOUS
What supplement does a
patient need after removal
of the terminal ileum or
stomach?
P201
A

Vitamin B12

36
Q

MISCELLANEOUS
Name the main constituents
of bile.
P202

A

Water, phospholipids (lecithins), bile

acids, cholesterol, and bilirubin

37
Q

MISCELLANEOUS
What are most gallstones made of?
P202

A

Cholesterol

38
Q

MISCELLANEOUS
How do opiates affect the bowel?
P202

A

By stimulating sodium absorption and
inhibiting secretion in the ileum as well as
decreasing GI motility by incoordinated
peristalsis (Therefore, place patients on
stool softeners when dispensing pain
medication)

39
Q 
MISCELLANEOUS
Which type of muscle fibers,
smooth or striated, does the
esophagus contain?
P202
A 
Both:
Upper third—striated muscle control
    of motor nerves
Middle third—mixed
Lower third—smooth muscle, primarily
    under control of vagal motor fibers
40
Q

MISCELLANEOUS
Which electrolytes does the
colon actively absorb?
P202

A

Na+, Cl⁻

41
Q

MISCELLANEOUS
Which electrolyte does the
colon actively secrete?
P202

A

HCO⁻(3) (plays a role in diarrhea causing
the patient to have a normal anion gap
acidosis)

42
Q

MISCELLANEOUS
Which electrolyte does the
colon passively secrete?
P202

A

K⁺

43
Q

MISCELLANEOUS
What is the gastrocolic reflex?
P202

A

Increased secretory and motor functions
of the stomach result in increased colonic
motility

44
Q

MISCELLANEOUS
What is the blood supply to the liver?
P202

A

75% from the portal vein, rich in products
of digestion
25% from the hepatic artery, rich in O2
(but each provide for 50% of oxygen)

45
Q

MISCELLANEOUS
What are Peyer patches?
P202

A

Nodules of lymphoid tissue with B and T
lymphocytes in the small intestine that
selectively sample lumenal antigens
found in the terminal ileum

Section II General Surgery P203Surgical Recall Sixth (33 decks)

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