Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Toxicology > GI & Repro > Flashcards

GI & Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of NSAIDs that cause toxicity

A

Aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen

Dogs are sensitive to ibuprofen
Cats are sensitive to aspirin due to glucuronidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mechanism of action of NSAID toxicity

A 
Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and renal blood flow (analgesic nephropathy)
Vasoconstrictive acute renal failure
Acute interstitial nephritis
Fluid and electrolyte imbalanced
Renal papillary necrosis
Chronic renal failure

Uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation at high doses
Increases lactic acid
Metabolic acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Clinical signs of aspirin toxicity

A 
Acute: 
Nausea, vomiting, anorexia
Fever, respiratory stimulation
Depression, lethargy, seizure, coma
Acidosis with anion gap
Renal failure
Chronic: 
Gastric irritation and ulceration 
Anemia
Heinz bodies
Thrombocytopenia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Clinical signs of naproxen toxicity

A 
Bloody vomit 
Black tarry stool
Diarrhea
Anorexia
Weakness
Lethargy
Painful abdomen
Pale gums
Facial twitching, seizures, depression, coma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Diagnosis of NSAID-induced toxicity

A 
Clinical signs 
Increased anion gap
Increased liver enzymes, jaundice
Prolonged clotting time
Acute renal failure (renal tubular casts)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What would you find on necropsy that would be typical of chronic NSAID-induced toxicity?

A

Gastric ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Treatment of NSAID-induced toxicity

A

Induce emesis and activated charcoal
Address GI ulceration and acute renal failure (ranitidine, sucralfate)
Supportive care
Transfusion?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the #1 priority pollutant?

A

Arsenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sources of arsenic exposure

A 
Insecticides
Medicine
Food production
Electronics
Shellfish
Water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mechanism of action of arsenic toxicity

A

Pentavalent and trivalent forms

Pentavalent: reduced and metabolized in rumen

  1. Reduces available metabolic energy
  2. Some gets converted into trivalent form, which produces toxicosis

Trivalent:binds to -SH groups -> disrupts cellular metabolism and inhibits oxidative phosphorylation

Causes serious toxicity to GI epithelium and capillary endothelium leading to enteritis and shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Clinical signs of arsenic poisoning

A

Intense abdominal pain, gastroenteritis, vomiting
Weakness, staggering gait
PU/PD, oliguria, anuria, dehydration, thirst
Blood related: cold extremities due to poor perfusion
CNS-related: salivation, trembling, depression, posterior paresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lesions associated with arsenic toxicity

A

Brick red gut (abomasum in ruminants)
Fluid GI contents, sometimes foul smelling
Soft, yellow liverRed, congested lungs
Kidney damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Diagnosis of arsenic toxicity

A

Sudden onset of gastroenteritis or sudden death, especially near standing water
Liver or kidney has arsenic >5ppm
Should also examine stomach contents or vomitus
Readily absorbed from GI tract, rapidly excreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Treatment of arsenic toxicity

A

GI decontamination
Chelation therapy with dimercaprol
Supportive therapy
Prognosis is guarded to poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sources of zinc that commonly cause toxicosis

A

Any galvanized metals: nuts, bolts, wire (hardware ingestion)
Pennies made after 1982 (96% zinc)
Topical ointments (desiring, sunscreen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mechanism of action of zinc toxicity

A

Formation of zinc salts in stomach, which has corrosive effect
Oxidative damage causes hemolysis

Usually seen in dogs and aquatic organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Clinical signs of acute zinc toxicity

A 
Occurs within a few days
Vomiting
Depression
Anorexia
Hemolytic anemia
Jaundice
Pancreatitis
Enteritis, renal, hepatic, and pancreatic necrosis
18
Q

Clinical signs of chronic zinc toxicity

A 
Occurs most in cattle
Onset time is several weeks
PU/PD
Diarrhea
Anorexia
Hemolytic anemia
Lameness
Gastric ulcers, renal tubule necrosis, hepatocyte necrosis
19
Q

Diagnosing zinc toxicity

A 
Serum zinc levels >10ppm
Liver zinc >200ppm
Decreased PCV, regen. Anemia, thrombocytopenia
Heinz bodies
Inc. kidney, liver, pancreatic enzymes
Hemoglobinuria
Radiographs for hardware ingestion
20
Q

Treating zinc toxicity

A 
Remove foreign body
Emesis
Fluids
Omeprazole (Proton-pump inhibitor)
H2 blocker
21
Q

What is the 4th most common group of toxins that the Animal Poison Control Center receives calls for?

A

Household chemicals
Dow oven cleaner, easy off, drano, liquid plumber cause esophageal ulceration
Toxicity caused by ammonia, alcohols, chlorines, bleach, etc.

22
Q

Clinical signs and treatment of soap/shampoo ingestion

A

Clinical signs: GI distress, vomiting, diarrhea

Treatment: DILUTION! Milk or water, fluid treatment

23
Q

Clinical signs and treatment of scouring powder/bleach ingestion

A

Causes liquefactive necrosis

Clinical signs: vomiting, drooling, abdominal pain

Treatment: milk or water, gastroprotectants, activated charcoal and cathartics
NO EMESIS

24
Q

Mechanism of action of disinfectants

A

Phenols: denature and precipitate cellular proteins this destroying all contacted cells

Pine oils: direct irritation to mucous membranes. Cats are more susceptible.

25
Q

Clinical signs of disinfectant toxicosis

A

Phenols- corrosive burns of oral-esophageal pathway, vomiting, hypersalivation, ataxia, panting progresses to shock, cardiac arrhythmias, metHb, hepatic and renal damage, coma

Pine Oil- nausea, hypersalivation, bloody vomit, abdominal pain, ataxia, hypotension, respiratory depression, acute renal failure, pulmonary edema

26
Q

Two types of disinfectants

A

Phenols

Pine Oils

27
Q

Treatment of disinfectant toxicity

A

Dilute with gastroprotectants (milk or eggs)
Activated charcoal or cathartic
Methylene blue for MetHb
Supportive therapy

No emesis or lavage!

28
Q

Toxicosis from automatic dishwasher detergent is mostly due to

A

High alkalinity (pH>10.5)

29
Q

Examples of automatic dishwasher detergents

A

Cascade
Palmolive
All
Electrasol

30
Q

Clinical signs of automatic dishwasher detergent toxicity

A 
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Salivation
GI pain
Oral, esophageal, gastric erosions
31
Q

Treatment of automatic dishwasher detergent toxicity

A

Dilution with milk or water
Analgesics
Possibly steroids for inflammation

32
Q

Main reason toilet bowl cleaners are toxic

A

Acidic!

Contain sulfuric acid or hydrochloridic acid

33
Q

Clinical signs of toilet bowl cleaner toxicity

A

Vomiting, salivation, dysphagia, abdominal pain, GI ulceration, dyspnea

34
Q

Treatment of toilet bowl cleaner toxicity

A

Dilution with milk or water
Steroids if stricture
Symptomatic

NO emesis, lavage, activated charcoal or catharsis

35
Q

What foods contain phytoestrogens?

A

Soybeans

Lentils

36
Q

What is zearalenone

A

Mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. Often found with deoxynivalenol (DON)
Toxin production happens during storage ( is heat stable, resistant to mold, and most grains can be affected)
Affects most animals but chickens are resistant

37
Q

Mechanism of zearalenone action

A

Estrogen receptor agonist
Alpha-zearalenone has a higher affinity for estrogen receptors
Causes “hyperestrogen “ syndrome (vulvogaginitis and estrogenic responses in swine)

38
Q

Clinical signs of zearalenone toxicity in swine and ferrets

A

In ferrets and pigs, symptoms depend on sex and maturity

Males: decreased libido, infertility
Females: enlarged, swollen uteri, shrunken/cystic ovaries, swollen/reddened vulva, vaginal/rectal prolapse
Both: immunosuppression, liver damage, decreased litter size and birth weights

39
Q

Clinical signs of zearalenone toxicity in cattle and sheep

A

Similar to swine/ferrets but also:

Males: regression of testis, feminization
Females: abortion, psuedo pregnancies

40
Q

Diagnosis of zearalenone toxicity

A

Presence of >1-2ppm zearalenone in swine feed

Reversal of symptoms when feed is changed (7-10 days)

41
Q

Treatment of zearalenone toxicity

A

Change feed

Activated charcoal or high fiber may reduce elimination times due to extensive enterohepatic recycling

Toxicology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions