Hallmarks of Cancer Flashcards
What are the Weinberg hallmarks of cancer?
Sustained growth signalling, loss of growth inhibition, unlimited replicative potential, resisting apoptosis, inducing angiogenesis, disordered repair mechanism, evasion of the immune system, activating invasion and metastasis.
What mutations are associated with sustained growth signalling?
C-KIT, Ras, BRAF (treated with vemurafanib), myc (mcy translocation diagnostic in Burkitt’s lymphoma), PI3K, APC.
What mutations are associated with loss of growth inhibition?
Von-Hippen Lindau, PTEN.
What mutation allows unlimited replicative potential?
Mutation that reactivates telomerase.
What mutation is associated with resisting apoptosis?
Bcl-2 (increased expression).
What mutation is associated with inducing angiogenesis?
VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor).
What mutations are associated with disordered repair mechanism?
NER, BRCA, MLH1.
What mutation is associated with evasion of the immune system?
PD-L1 (increased expression).
What mutation is associated with activating invasion and metastasis?
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) (increased expression).
