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GI > Histiology > Flashcards

Histiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the histology of oral cavvity, oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

A

squamous epithelium

not keratinised

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2
Q

what is the histology of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx?

A

resp epithelium

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3
Q

what is the histology of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

stratified squamous epithleium
thin on ventral surface
thick and with papillae on the dorsal surface

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4
Q

what is the histology of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A
  • covered by smooth stratified squamous epithlium

- circumvalllate papillae lacks papillae but does have a substantial lymphoid aggregates in the mucosa

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5
Q

what are the 4 types of tongue papillae?

A
  • fungiform
  • circumvallate
    foliate
    filiform
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6
Q

which tongue papillae has no tastebuds

A

filiform

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7
Q

what is the oropharynx made up of anatomically?

A
  • ring of lymphoid tissue composed of palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, tubal tonsils and pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
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8
Q

from the oesophagus to the anal cavity, what is the digestive tract histologically composed of?

A
  1. mucosa = epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. serosa/ adventitia
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9
Q

what does the epithelium sit on?

A

basal lamina

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10
Q

what is the lamina propria?

A

loose connective tissue

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11
Q

what is the muscularis mucosae?

A

thin layer of smooth muscle

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12
Q

what is the submucosa?

A

loose connective tissue

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13
Q

what is muscularis externa?

A

two thick layers of smooth muscle ,an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer

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14
Q

what is the serosa/adventitia?

A

outer layer of connective tissue that either suspends the digestive tract or attaches it to other organs

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15
Q

where can you find a mucosa above a submusoca?

A

oesophagus

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16
Q

what is the gastro-oesophageal junction?

A
  • junction from stratified squamous epithelium of oesophagus to simple columnar epithelium of the cardia of the stomach
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17
Q

where are gastric pits and gastric glands found?

A

in stomach epithelium
gastric pits = at top
gastric glands = at bottom

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18
Q

what are gastric pits line by?

A

surface mucous cells

- secretes mucus which protects the lining of the stomach

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19
Q

what is the isthmus?

A

the junction ebtween gastric pits and gastric glands

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20
Q

what cells make up the isthmus?

A

parietal cells and stem cells

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21
Q

what is the neck in the stomach epithelium made up of?

A

muscous cells nad partieal cells

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22
Q

what is the fundus (base) of the stomach epithelium made of?

A

chief cells, few paritetal cells and nterendocrinecalles (neuroendocrine cells)

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23
Q

what is a chief cell?

A

digesting enxyme secreting cell

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24
Q

what is a parietal cell?

A

hydrocholic acid producing cell

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25
Q

what are the gastric pits like in the cardia of the stomach?

A

deep gastric pits that branched into loosely packed tortuous glands

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26
Q

what are the gastric pits like in the body of the stomach?

A

shallow gastric pits with long gastric glands

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27
Q

what are the gastric pits like in the pylorus of the stomach?

A

deep gastric pits with branches, coiled gastric glands at a higher density than in the cardia

28
Q

what is the extra layer in the muscularis externa of the stomach?

A

the layer is oblique to the usual circular and longitudinal muscle layers and is located internal to the circular layer

29
Q

what is the gastroduodenal junction?

A

transition from the stomach mucosa to duodenal mucosa

it is an inner, circular layer of smooth muscle is markedly thickened to form the pyloric sphincter

30
Q

what does the surface of the small intestine contain?

A
  • vili
31
Q

what is the histology of the duodenum?

A
  • contains burnner’s glands in the submucosa
32
Q

what is the histology of the jejunum?

A

tallest vili, located on permanent circular folds of the mucosa and submucosa, the plicae circularis
lymphoid follicles infrequent

33
Q

what is the histology of the illeum?

A

charcterised by shorted vili and aggregation of lymphoid follicles called peyers patches found in the submucosa and often extending into the lamina propria

34
Q

what cells are found in the small intestine?

A

enterocytes, goblet cells, paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells. stem cells

35
Q

what are enterocytes?

A

most numerous cells
tall columnar cells with a brush border
- principle absorptive cell

36
Q

what are goblet cells?

A
  • produce mucin to protect epithelium and lubricate passage of material
37
Q

what are paneth cells?

A
  • found at base of crypts
  • defensive function
  • regulate bacterial flora
38
Q

what are enteroendocrine cells?

A
  • produce hormones that conribute to secretion and motility
39
Q

what are brunners glands and where are they found?

A
  • glands located in the submucosa
  • found in the duodenum only
  • when they are stimulated by chyme, they produce a thin, alkaline mucous to neutralise the chyme
40
Q

what cells are found in the large intestine?

A

absorptive cells and goblet cells

41
Q

what is the histology of the appendix?

A
  • circular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the submucosa and often the lamina propria
  • the lymphoid tissue tends to decline with age
42
Q

what is the histology of the anal canal?

A

keratinized straitified squamous epithelium of the surrounding skin

43
Q

what is the enteric nervous system?

A

the digetsive tract’s own nervous system

44
Q

what is the myenteric plexus of the enteric nervous system?

A
  • 2 plexi (one in submucosa and one between the muscle layers of the muscularis externa)
    controls gut motility
45
Q

what is a ganglion?

A

group of nerve cells living outside the CNS

46
Q

what is the submucosal plexus of the enteric nervous system?

A

controls the muscle of the muscularis mucosae and helps regulate secretion in the epithelium

47
Q

what are the parenchyma (liver) and pancreas composed of?

A

glandular epithelial cells

48
Q

what is a portal vein?

A

it has capillary beds at both ends

49
Q

what is the histology of the liver capsule?

A
  • liver is covered by a collagenous connective tissue capsule, which in turn is covered by a layer of mesothelial cells (simple squamous epithelium), derived from the peritoneum
50
Q

what are liver lobules?

A
  • segments of liver
    each hexogon has a branch of the hepatic vein (centrolobular vein) (blood out) at its centre and portal triads (blood in) at each corner
51
Q

what is the portal tract made up of?

A
  • hepatic portal vein
  • hepatic artery
  • bile duct
  • (lymphatic vessel)
52
Q

what are the main cells of the liver?

A

hepatocytes which have blood channels called sinusoids

53
Q

what is the histology of the sinusoids?

A
  • they are lined by endothelial cells (fenestrated)
54
Q

what is the space of disse?

A

a narrow space between the endothleial cells of the sinusoids and the hepatocytes
- micro vili project into the space

55
Q

what is the parenchyma of the liver supported by?

A
  • reticular fibres (type 3 collagen) along with type 1 collagen - this is found in the space of disse
56
Q

what are hepatic stellate cells and where are they found?

A
  • in the connective tissue of the liver
  • found scattered in the space of disse
  • they are modified fibroblasts and make connective tissue
  • they store votamin A within fat droplets in their cytoplasm
57
Q

what are kupffer cells?

A
  • macrophages of sinusoids

- these cells remove particulate mater from the blood and help remove worn out RBCs

58
Q

what is bile?

A
  • an alkaline solution

- bilirubin is contained and it is a pigment which results from the breakdown of hemoglobin in the spleen

59
Q

how is bile produced?

A
  • by hepatocytes

- bile flows via bile canaliculi towards bile cuts in the portal tracts and thence to the hepatic ducts

60
Q

what are bile canaliculi?

A

small channels formed by tight junctions in the cell membrane of adjacent hepatocytes

61
Q

what is the histology of the gall bladder?

A
  • a muscular sac which
  • is lined by simple columar epithelium backed by a alamina propria of loose connective tissue rich is blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, a coat of smooth muslce nad an outer collagenous layer of adventitia
  • stores bile
  • has a folded mucosa when empty - this flattened when distended
  • modified the bile stored within it
62
Q

what is cholecytitis?

A
  • inflam of the gall bladder
  • gallstones have obstructed the cyctsic duct, leading to the expansion of the gall ladder, thickening of hte muscle layers and inflam
63
Q

why is the pancreas unusual?

A

it has exocrine and endocrine glands

64
Q

what does the exocrine glands of the pancreas produce?

A
  • a litre of digetsive juices containgin proteases to break down proteins, lipases to break down lipids, nucleases to break down DNA, amlase to break down startch
  • these enter the duodenum via the pancreatic duct
65
Q

what does the endocrine pancreas consist of?

A

smalll scattered islands of tissue called islets of langerhans, which produce a nuber of hormones including insulin and glucagon

66
Q

how is trypsinogen activated in the exocrine panceras?

A

when ti reaches the duodenum, an enteriopeptidase converts it to the active form - trypsin

67
Q

what is the acinus like in the pancreas?

A

centroacinar cells

GI (8 decks)

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