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[OS 202] Lecture Exam A > Histology of the CNS > Flashcards

Histology of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What do you call the small expansions at the end of an axon?

A

Terminal Bouton

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2
Q

Where the soma extends into the axon?

A

Axon Hillock

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3
Q

Central region of cytoplasm around the nucleus crowded with organelles

A

Perikaryon

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4
Q

Cytoplasm of neurons contain granules callde?

A

Nissl Bodies

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5
Q

Smallest Filaments in the Cytoskeleton of Neurons

A

Actin Filaments (3-4 Nanometers)

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6
Q

Most prominent filaments of Neurons

A

Microtubules (24-28 Nanometers)

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7
Q

What are the most important of the filaments?

Why?

A

The microtubules

They are the pathways of neurotransmitters from cell to cell

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8
Q

Terminal Portion of an Axon

A

Motor End-Plate

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9
Q

What is Myelin called outside the CNS?

Inside the CNS?

A

Inside: Oligodendroglia
Outside: Schwann Cells

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10
Q

Types of Neurons According to Polarity (4)

A
  1. Unipolar
  2. Pseudo-Unipolar
  3. Bipolar
  4. Multipolar
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11
Q

Where are Unipolar Neurons found?

Describe features (Soma, Axon, Dendrites)

A

Only embryos, not in adults

Soma and axon only, no dendrites

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12
Q

Describe a Pseudo-unipolar Neuron (Axon, Dendrites, Sensory/Motor)

A

Very long axon and dendrites

Mostly sensory neurons

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13
Q

Bipolar Neuron Features (Axon, Dendrite)

A

Axon on one side, dendrites on the other

Two processes at opposite ends of soma

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14
Q

Where are Bipolar Neurons found?

A

Retinal Cells and Olfactory Epithelium

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15
Q

Describe Multipolar Neurons

A

Most common neurons

Many cytoplasmic processes but only one axon per cell

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16
Q

Examples of Multipolar Neurons

A

Pyramidal Cells

Purkinje Cells

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17
Q

Subtypes of Multipolar Neurons

A

Golgi Type 1: Long projecting axons

Golgi Type 2: Axons project locally (Do not leave the grey matter of the cerebral hemisphere)

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18
Q

3 Types of Neurons According to Function

A
  1. Afferent Neurons
  2. Efferent Neurons
  3. Interneurons
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19
Q

[Afferent Neurons]

  1. Sensory or Motor?
  2. Where does it carry impulses from and where does it go?
  3. What type of neurons are they?
A

Sensory/Receptor Neurons
Carry impulses from sensory towards CNS
Pseudounpilar type of neuron

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20
Q

[Efferent Neurons]

Where does it carry information from and to where?

A

From CNS -> Muscles/Glands

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21
Q

[Interneurons]

Function

A

Relay information between sensory and motor neurons

22
Q

What are the most abundant type of neurons in the CNS?

A

Interneurons

23
Q

[External Granular Layer]

Contains what kind of neurons?

A

Stellate Neurons

24
Q

[External Pyramidal Layer]

Contains what kind of neurons?

Main source of?

A

Small pyramidal neurons

Cortical-Cortical Efferent Fibers

25
Q

[Multiform Layer]

Characteristics

A
  • Few large pyramidal neurons
  • Many spindle-like neurons and multiform neurons • Difficult to distinguish under a light microscope
  • Reciprocal connection to and from the thalamus
26
Q

Layers of the Cerebral Cortex

A
  1. Molecular
  2. External Granular
  3. External Pyramidal
  4. Internal Granular
  5. Internal Pyramidal
  6. Multiform
27
Q

How are Astrocytes stained?

A

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein

28
Q

What do Astrocytes envelope?

A

Synapses

29
Q

2 Kinds of Astrocytes

A
  1. Fibrous

2. Protoplasmic

30
Q

Where are Fibrous astrocytes found?

End feet attached to what?

A

Found in the white matter

Attached to capillary walls

31
Q

Where are Protoplasmic astrocytes found?

End feet attached to what?

A

Found in gray matter

End feet envelope synapses

32
Q

Functions: Astrocytes (9)

A
  • Structural support
  • Metabolic support (provide glucose to neurons)
  • Regulate extracellular K+ concentration
  • Regulate oligodendroctye myelinating activity
  • Minimal role in maintaining BBB
  • Reuptake and release of neurotransmitters
  • Help regulate blood flow
  • Nervous system repair (glial cell formation or gliosis)
  • Fillers after injury to brain
33
Q

Tumors that arise from Astrocytes

A

Astrocytomas

34
Q

Differentiate a normal neuron from an astrocytoma

A

Normal: Pale staining nuclei
Astrocytoma: Dark nuclei

35
Q

Function: Oligodendrocytes

A

Responsible for myelination of nerve fibers within the CNS

36
Q

Ratio of Oligodendrocyte :: Myelinated Axons

A

1 : 50

37
Q

Myelination starts at what age?

A

6-9 Years Old

38
Q

Define: Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps between myelin sheaths which propagate electrical impulses faster (Saltatory Conduction: Node->Node)

39
Q

Trivia: How big is the node of Ranvier

A

1mm

40
Q

Cause: Cerebral Palsy (Periventricular Leukomalacia)

A

Damage to developing oligodendrocytes

Damaged by excessive release of glutamate

41
Q

Cause: Oligodendroglioma

A

Tumors affecting glial cells

42
Q

Effect: JC Virus

A

Can affect oligodendrocytes causing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)

43
Q

Microglia cells are similar to what leukocytes?

A

Macrophages

44
Q

Microglia originate from?

A

Myeloid Progenitor Cells

45
Q

First line of defense against infection within the BBB?

A

Microglia

46
Q

Functions: Microglia (10)

A

• First line of infection in blood brain barrier
• ‘Janitors’ for dead neurons
o Constantly moving, clearing dead neurons and debris
• ‘Alarm’
o Sensitive to slightest form of inflammation or infection
• Have unique K+ channels in their membrane which makes them
sensitive to smallest changes in potassium ion concentration
• Phagocytosis of foreign bodies/invaders
o Significant in patients with TB: bacteria could be swallowed but cannot be broken down so it persists in the brain and could cause TB meningitis
• Cytotoxicity: hydrogen peroxide, nitrous oxide, proteases, glutamate, aspartate (chemical warfare with collateral damage)
• Part of antigen presentation
• Pruning of synapses (removing of bad immature behaviours or
childishness)
• Promotion of repair
• Extracellular signalling (cytokines)

47
Q

Function: Ependymal Cells

A

Involved in CSF Production

Absorb and recycle neurotransmitters

48
Q

What kind of cells make up Ependymal Cells?

A

Columnar and Cuboidal with Cilia

49
Q

Modified Ependymal Cells + Capillaries =?

A

Choroid Plexuses

50
Q

Schwann Cells are like?

A

Oligodendrocytes in the PNS but only 1:1 ratio

This is important in regeneration of damaged axons

[OS 202] Lecture Exam A (14 decks)

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