HIV

Question 1

Currently, the bulk of HIV infection is in __________________.

Answer 1

sub-Sarahan Africa

Question 2

What are the first symptoms of immunodeficiency (usually)?

Answer 2

Thrush, oral hairy leukoplakia, and tuberculosis

Question 3

Those who cannot be infected with HIV typically have what kind of mutations?

Answer 3

32 base-pair frame-shift mutations in the CCR5 receptor

Question 4

One of the symptoms of the initial infection with HIV is ______________.

Answer 4

aseptic meningitis with a mononucleosis-like illness

Question 5

The type of opportunistic infection that patients present with depends on ________________.

Answer 5

what is most common in the area they live; for instance, toxoplasmosis is more common in France and thus AIDS patients more often present with it there

Question 6

Which HIV protein leads to conformational changes and entry into the cell?

Answer 6

gp41

“FORty-one FORces entry.”

Question 7

The WHO recommends that ______________ receive anti-retroviral therapy.

Answer 7

all HIV+ people

Question 8

The HIV mortality was highest in __________.

Answer 8

1993 - 1995; during this time, HIV was the number one cause of mortality in the 25 - 44 age group!

Question 9

How successful have HIV vaccines been in studies?

Answer 9

The most successful vaccine had about a 30% protection.

Question 10

What percent of Americans are HIV-positive?

Answer 10

0.25%

Question 11

There are about _________ Americans with HIV.

Answer 11

1.2 million

Question 12

What act is the most likely to cause infection?

Answer 12

Blood transfusion from an HIV-positive person (92%)

Receptive anal intercourse (1.4%)

Question 13

When was the first HIV drug brought to market?

Answer 13

Zidovudine (aka AZT) in 1987

Question 14

What is PrEP?

Answer 14

PRe-Exposure Prophylaxis: giving antiretroviral therapy to high-risk individuals

Question 15

What lab test can show the extent of viral replication?

Answer 15

HIV RNA in plasma

Question 16

What is the main cause of death of HIV patients in Colorado?

Answer 16

Lymphoma

Question 17

Immediate ART in HIV-negative people whose partners have HIV has been shown to ________________.

Answer 17

delay HIV infection to almost zero

Question 18

What is the current approved PrEP therapy?

Answer 18

Tenofovir-emtricitabine

Question 19

what test is used to confirm the diagnosis of HIV?

Answer 19

A HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody differentiation immunoassay which confirms the presence of the virus and differentiates if the patient is infected with HIV-1 or 2

Question 20

what is the most likely mechanism of lack of responsiveness to HIV medication?

Answer 20

pol gene mutation, there are high error and replication rates allowing the reverse transcriptase to evade therapy